Mandatory Military Service Essay

As many other countries mandate young adults partaking in the military for two years, the United States should follow suit. Many beneficial consequences would be rendered as a result of the increase in service. This would also be a great commencement into the real world for any young adult. These statements can be explored by discussing the benefits of free college tuition, disciplined young adults who are ready to follow orders, and the sheer power of numbers. One exceptional perk of joining the military would be free college tuition.This would allow the students who have not excelled as fast as others a doorway to achieve their full potential. This would also benefit the United States as a whole country. Along with expanding the population of the military, this would also increase the knowledge of the United States. In theory, the educated veterans would make the military more powerful, efficient, and more intelligent overall. The United States would stand superior in any conflict to other nations. The availability of free education would also stimulate the economy in the long run.This is evident because the more educated the people are, the better jobs they would occupy. As a result, they would make more money and therefore have access to spend more money. The more money that they have means that they would be adding to the economy. Taking two short years out of someone’s life to help serve their country and set them up for success later in life is not a bad trade. If the United States installed the mandate for service, young adults will look back and be thrilled that they have done what they’ve done and are where they are because of the foundations the military setup early in life.Some people argue that young adults will not take advantage of the opportunity set before them. Does this seem counterproductive for the young adults not to enroll in the free secondary education? No! If the young adult does not want to better themselves, what makes people think they would want to better their country? These people are better left to fill in the roles unoccupied at the bottom of corporate ladders. Another benefit of mandating the service of young adults is that they would be disciplined and setup for success in life as a productive citizen of the United States.Military boot camp is designed to break the recruit down to where they are not better than any other recruit, and then they train them to do their best in every task they approach. This creates unrivaled discipline and extreme excellence in every operation the United States military executes. Not only will this be useful while in military service, but also when they begin to operate in the working world. This requirement will unify the working force as a result of the mandated service. Businesses will be able to work efficiently and accurately in all that they accomplish.Again, this will improve the United States as a country. Why would the United States refuse this manda te? The only reason would be that they bring the law down to the lowest denominator of the few people who argue with the benefits. These people might say that not all people are designed to be in the military. However, the military has jobs for every make and model. Every talent is useful to the military. Making young adult serve in the military for two years would actually give them time to figure out what their future career is meant to be. Some people cannot ever be satisfied, and would object to anything!On the contrary, decisions that have the abundance of benefits as mandating service for young adults should be instated immediately! The third major gratuity of mandating the service of young adults is mainly for the benefit of the military itself and the United States. The variable of manpower in a war is not always the deciding factor. However, it would not hurt to have a couple of hundred thousand extra people at a countries disposal. This must look awful from an ordinary cit izen’s point of view. Then there is this question; would you rather lose a fraction of the population, or the whole country?Not to mention the possible enslavement as a conquered people; treated as subhuman and having their rights ripped from their grasp. Nobody in any country would want that outcome to occur in their country. As people look back in history, they discover and marvel at the battle of Thermopylae. How did such an untrained military defeat the most strict, handpicked, elite group of warriors? The answer is oblivious! It was an estimated three hundred thousand Persian warriors against three hundred Spartan soldiers. This is why the United States needs to mandate young adults to serve two years in the military.So that not only will we have a superior military in tactics, and education, we will also have the overwhelming power of numbers. As always, people do not have to go too far before they find a person who disagrees, and thinks everyone should have the choice of whether to serve their country. Their main argument with this is that they say it violates the constitution. However, this would not be the first time that the United States has done something like this. They drafted people during the Vietnam War. People also argue that it will decrease the honor of veterans who would serve regardless of a draft.On the contrary, people gain honor through what they actually accomplish, not what they think about accomplishing. This policy should be discussed in government as soon as possible if it is not already being heavily debated. The government, along with the citizens of the United States backing the mandate, would create the most powerful nation to ever face the earth. With the benefits listed and discussed above, the decision is easier than deciding where to each lunch. So why has the United States not already signed it off their agendas and began the process of creating a more powerful, unstoppable United States?

Progressive Presidents Essays

Progressive Presidents Essays These Presidents had similar and different political views and elements. They all wanted to expand American influence, but had different way of handling it. Progressive Presidents, Teddy Roosevelt William Taft, and Woodrow Wilson were all considered to be the first modern presidents they all progression toward better conditions in government and society. They also sought to expand the power Of the federal government.Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson also recognized that the nation government was going to have to deal with big equines and would have to get big to do so. They all want to expand American influence across the world, but had different ways of going at it. Theodore Roosevelt had US troops advance in foreign countries in make sure that they were stable enough to invest in the country, while William Harvard Taft and the only Democrat, Wilson, felt sending large amounts of American goods to other countries would strengthen American bonds at least from an economic stand point.The Progressive Presidents did have success in their unifying goals of spreading American impact, power, and interests, but eased a lot of resources getting their. All in all the Progressive Presidents did what they wanted to do and set the groundwork for the America we have today. The Progressive Presidents brought changes to American work life and family life that started a new era for society. They gave new life to the US and established ground for growth.The Progressive Presidents acted to change American life by working for women's suffrage, federal regulation, labor and health legislation for women and children, eight hour work days, minimum wages, and social insurance for health, unemployment and old age. The changes affected American life greatly. It aloud for empowerment of women and working strategies that affected working procedures and the way companies now had to treat its workers. The impacts of these policies are still in affect today.We still have the policies like the Clayton Act that exempted unions from anti-trust laws and made it easier for them to strike, The Keating-Owen Act that out laded child labor in manufacturing, and Adamson Act that mandated an eight hour work day for railroad workers. In conclusion the Progressive Presidents instituted laws and established acts hat greatly affected American life and business. The changes that were made by the Progressive Presidents greatly improved the American business world and made it safer, morally better, and more meaningful for all.Teddy Roosevelt decisions to run for a third term after Taft had a lot to do with the way Taft acted as President. Even though Roosevelt pick Taft to be his successor and that both Roosevelt and Taft were Republican, they had different views on what was the best for the country and how they should go about acting on it. Roosevelt lost his first race against Taft, but that didn't stop IM from trying again. The Bull Moose Party was a Progress ive Party founded by Theodore Roosevelt during the presidential campaign that allowed for four presidential candidates in 1912. We've come to a place where putting out fresh ideas is dangerous in politics.Candidates do not give a set plan. Roosevelt campaigned with an agenda. He told the convention, â€Å"Use me up and cast me aside. † The goal was moving along the Progressive Party's vision for what the new America in the 20th century should be. Roosevelt determination to run for reelection did end up giving us a good example on how politics should be run today. Though we do not follow his example as we should there is a lot to be learn from what he has done. The Progressive Presidents had the common element of wanting to expand American influence and marked the foregrounds of the strong nation we have today.Roosevelt knew that the building Panama Canal would be the perfect place to spread American influence and international prominence because ships from all over the world would have to pass through the canal and deal with the US. Giving the US a prominent name to internationally trading countries. Theodore Roosevelt had US troops advance in foreign entries in make sure that they were stable enough to invest in the country, while William Harvard Taft and Wilson felt sending large amounts of American economic stand point.These actions set a stage for America to be ready to be a major impact in global influence and the perfect time did arise later during Woodrow Willow's time as President, The Great War. The way our Progressive Presidents connected business and the geographical opportunity of the Panama Canal set the soil in which our new rapidly growing nation would be founded. The work they did set influence and international prominence that was essential to where we are today.

8 Tips to Stay Organized During College Application Season

As you prepare to apply to colleges, you might feel a bit like a circus clown trying to juggle a dozen bowling pins while also taking AP calculus. Or maybe not, but either way, there is a lot to manage and it doesn’t always come easily, even to students who have generally been very organized and responsible about keeping up with all their commitments in the past. Applying to college is a little different from most responsibilities you’ve probably had before. For one thing, the stakes are certainly high. If you’re successful, you will feel as though the road to your future is paved in gold, but if you’re not, you may feel you’re left to blaze your own trail. Beyond that, applying to college is generally something you have to do without a ton of oversight or guidance. Sure, you can meet with your guidance counselor and discuss choices with your parents, but ultimately it is you who is making big decisions about the future and you who is responsible for making those decisions possible. Finally, you have to do all this while also continuing to succeed in school and extracurriculars. You probably don’t have a ton of extra time, yet here you are, juggling this very important process that could determine your future. This is where comes in. We’re not just used to this frenzy; we actually thrive in it. Here, we unveil some of our top tips for keeping organized during the chaos of college applications. To learn about our top eight organizational tips for applying to college, keep reading. You are about to have a lot of paper to keep track of, and it’s best to have a system in place before it starts to pile up. If you don’t have access to some space in a filing cabinet at home, you can purchase a travel hanging file box or an accordion folder to get started. Start a file for every school on your college list and include in it everything you’ve received from those schools. Also add contact information for anyone you’ve spoken with there. Include notes about visits, pros and cons, and any other important information you’d like to be able to review easily. Also keep files for finances. There should be one file for financial aid paperwork and another for each scholarship you’re interested in applying for. These folders should contain copies of any important documents or applications, along with records of the dates you submit your paperwork. Finally, keep a folder for standardized tests. Include copies of your score reports so that you will be able to access them without needing to go online every time. Also include a calendar of test dates and registration deadlines. Procrastination is your worst enemy during college applications season. If you put off one task, it will only snowball towards the deadlines for other important tasks. There are many small ways to stay a step ahead, and if you are consistent with them you won’t feel as hurried when the time comes to complete them. Begin by staying on top of your college list as your interests grow and adapt throughout high school. Ideally, you aren’t sitting down to a blank slate your senior year and already have some kind of list in progress, even if only in your head. Also get ahead of standardized tests. Plan to take them initially as a junior and allow plenty of time for studying and retakes so that you won’t be stressed later on. Finally, you can get a head start on your personal statement by brainstorming about possible essay topics during your junior year, even before essay prompts have been released. Although you might not know the exact spin you’ll need to put on it, most essay choices are broad enough that if there’s something you’re really inclined to write about, you’ll find a way to make it work. Then, keep an eye out in August for the release of most essay prompts so that you can get to work on tailoring your ideas to them as early as possible. These days, with so much of our lives are governed by technology; this tip almost goes without saying. While you probably already know to put all important dates, deadlines, and other commitments into an online calendar, you need to go one step further and ensure that this calendar syncs across all your devices. Also be sure to set notifications to alert you to important deadlines and commitments with enough lead time to prepare. For example, if you have an SAT registration deadline coming up, it would be wise to set a notification for both the day before and then again for an hour before, just to be certain that you get it done. Synced calendars ensure that you’ll get these notifications across your devices and are bound to notice at least one before time expires. Your school’s guidance counselor may have valuable connections or insights into the schools you’re applying to. Make an appointment to meet with this person early in the year, before the mad rush begins. This also allows you time to seek input from other sources afterwards as needed. If your guidance counselor doesn’t turn out to be especially helpful in the process, seek out other trusted adults like teaches, coaches, or mentors. It’s important to have a large support network as you undertake college applications, and you never know when one of these people might be able to help you with important tasks or networking. Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. You have a lot to stay on top of, and editing your college essay can become a brain-numbing task. Of course you may easily catch large typos, but sometimes after reading and rereading the same piece of writing again and again, it all begins to blend together a little, and you’re bound to miss some little (or even big) mistakes. Avoid this by using an essay editing service. Having a professional read through your essay ensures that it’s grammatically and structurally sound, and the services generally start at fairly affordable prices. Check out ’s Essay Editing service to learn more. Everything is easier with a friend. Find a friend who is applying on a similar timeline as you and help to hold one another accountable for deadlines and other steps in the application process. Setting a notification on your phone might be a good way to remind yourself that the first draft of your personal statement should be done, but it certainly won’t invite you to a study date at the library to work on it side by side. Having a visual for what needs to be completed can be particularly helpful for certain kinds of learners. Put all colleges on your list into a spreadsheet that includes each of the various tasks and stages involved in the college application process, then check off the various fields as you complete them. For some students, it’s especially helpful to print this spreadsheet or create it on a large poster board so that it can be displayed prominently someplace that they will see it every day. Even for the most organized of high school students, college applications can be a particularly challenging time. The stakes are high, emotions have a tendency to run hot, and the process is almost certainly new to you. There’s no shame in asking for help, and hiring a professional to help you keep track of everything can be a smart investment. At , we offer a personally tailored College Application Guidance Program that pairs you with a personal admissions specialist who walks you through the process step by step. Our tech platform allows you to easily track deadlines, so that you’re certain you won’t miss a thing. We also offer the Pro Bono program to qualified students. Don’t let the college application process overwhelm you. If you take things one step at a time and up your organization game to ensure that there’s no last-minute frenzy, you will be able to tackle each step as the calm, cool, and collected applicant you are.

Christian Medical Ethics Case Analysis Coursework

Christian Medical Ethics Case Analysis - Coursework Example M and the application of Christian ethics on the case. In this case study, Mrs. M was 54 years old and had suffered a heart attack as well as having multiple secondary diagnoses. Mrs. M had experienced a history of depression and anxiety, which had resulted in an attempt at suicide ten years prior. She had also discussed end-of-life situations with her husband, and did not wish to remain alive if her quality of life was below a certain point. Her treatment options led to her requesting to be withdrawn from ventilator support, a decision that had full support of her daughter and husband. Despite this, four days after she had entered the hospital, the doctor began to question her decision-making ability and/or competence. Mrs. M’s case is complicated by the fact that there are multiple secondary diagnoses in addition to her primary diagnosis. This makes the prediction of outcomes difficult. Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory process that occurs in the kidneys, which is able t o be reversed. The survival chance for this diagnosis is high (Carroll et al. 1513), and Mrs. M has previously recovered from this problem. In the case, Mrs. M was suffering from severe pain as a result of the inflammation. Diagnosis involves the use of a range of clinical markers, which are increased when acute pancreatitis is occurring. ... Other treatments that can be used include nutritional management, aggressive volume repletion and the use of antibiotics (Carroll et al. 1516). This suggests that the recommendations for treatment for Mrs. M were not necessarily extensive, and there may have been alternative options that could have increased Mrs. M’s quality of life. Another issue is that although the treatment options given to Mrs. M do not appear to be complete, no second opinion was sought or given. The provision of a second opinion is important because research has indicated that medical decision making is influenced by a range of factors that are outside of the medical field. This includes aspects such as the personality of the physician, the organizational setting and the age of either the physician or the patient (Feldman et al. 343). This means that a patient such as Mrs. M might not be given all of the treatment options or alternative diagnoses available. This is a particularly important part of the c ase, because Mrs. M and her family are making decisions that will influence her future, and it is critical that they have all the information possible when they are doing this. At the time of the case study, Mrs. M was in a position where her quality of life was considerably compromised and did not want to spend the rest of her life in this state. However, there are several factors that suggest that her condition may improve over time, and lead to an increase in quality of life. The first of these indications is physician’s perception that Mrs. M had the ability to rally medically, which indicates that over time her quality of life would improve. The second aspect is that the pancreatic surgery, if successful, would

18th and 19th Amendments Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

18th and 19th Amendments - Research Paper Example This paper tells that both the 18th and 19th amendments to the American Constitution and their implementation history show such a complex path of rising and fall. The 18th amendment, that came into effect between 1920 and 1933, prohibited manufacture, selling and transportation of alcohol in the country. The 19th amendment was ratified in 1920, which made constitutional the right of every citizen to cast vote in elections without being discriminated on the basis of race or gender. The alcohol prohibition amendment had to be later repealed as there was â€Å"widespread abuses of†¦(the)†¦ law†. But the 19th amendment stood the test of time and despite the attempts to legally contest it, the amendment was endorsed by Supreme Court as part of the Constitution. The 18th amendment had become a historical necessity because of the poverty and economic backwardness that grew in the society, as associated with drinking. In the first century and half of the colonial rule in Ame rica, drinking was considered quite a normal entertainment activity. Though drunkenness was considered as a vice, the blame always went to the drinker, not to those who manufactured or sold alcohol. But slowly, people came to understand the real nature of alcohol that is addictive and unhealthy. Thus alcohol came to be identified with poverty, breakage of peace in the family and also in the social fabric as well. The late 1800s and early 1900s saw the formation of temperance societies which campaigned against alcoholism. Though by 1916, 23 states enacted prohibition laws, it was the 18th amendment, passed in 1920, that applied prohibition to the whole of the nation. The major drawback of this legislation which eventually led to its repeal (owing to being ineffective), was that it only prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of liquor, while possession, consumption or home production were not banned. The amendment had given a one year relaxation period to clear the exist ing stocks but this omission further weakened the legislation.

Descartes and God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Descartes and God - Essay Example Relying on the principle of clarity and distinctness, he argued that there were two things he could be sure about: the existence of himself and God. Being a devout Catholic, he wanted to make a contribution to understanding of Christianity. So in the opening statement to Meditations, Descartes claimed that there were two driving issues behind this work: proving the existence of God and the immortality of the soul through natural reason (Burnham and Fieser 2006). In fact, the necessary existence of God was the absolute truth for Descartes, perceived by him at the intuition level. Yet, he realized that it was necessary to provide clear logical arguments of this existence. Descartes provided three principal arguments of the existence of God: the causal, cosmological and ontological ones. The causal argument is most fully represented in Meditation III, it can also be found in the Discourse (Part I) and in the Principles (Part I  §Ã‚ § 17-18). Descartes distinguishes between the formal reality of an idea (its actual existence and degree of perfection as a mode of mind) and its objective reality (the degree of perfection it has with consideration of its content). Further the philosopher recognizes three degrees of perfection based on the capacity of a thing for an independent existence. God, being an infinite substance depending on nothing, is viewed as the highest degree of perfection. An individual body or mind (finite substances depending on God alone) is given the next degree. A property of a substance, that is a mode depending on the substance for existence, is considered as being of the lowest degree. Descartes states that â€Å"it is manifest by the natural light that there must be at least as much reality in the efficient and total cause as in the effect of that cause†. Thus there should be as much formal reality in the cause of an idea as there is objective reality in the

Personal Ethical Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Ethical Statement - Essay Example The rights of an individual must be protected. Therefore autonomy is at the core of my value system along with sensibility. Every situation is different and the actors in each are different. Hence, a rational tailor made solution to every situation would be completely wrong. Each situation must be viewed according to its own merits and a solution must be designed that best suits the situation and results in the greatest good for everyone involved. My strength is that I am optimistic about every situation and have the skills and mind of an entrepreneur. I am also very imaginative and this is a quality I am very proud of. I fall back on my experience to analyse the situation at hand and then use my intuition and imagination to solve problems. This has helped me solve a lot of problems and is the best approach to use. My value system allows me to view the situation from different perspectives through which I am able at analyse what is best for everyone involved. Another one of my strengths is that I believe in free will and everybody must do what is best for them and brings them joy. It is fine to want good things for you and everybody must have the freedom to decide that. There are a few weaknesses of mine that I have found from the Ethical Lens Inventory. One is that I assume that everyone has a clear sense of their own values. This has not been the case always and has resulted in me making some wrong decisions. Sometimes I tend go overboard exercising free will and fail to be accountable to those who are dependent on me. This is not right as I need to be accountable to people who people and act accordingly. This, even if not intentional, creates problems for those involved. My blind spot, as I have now learnt, is that I can be satisfied with too little good. That is, if I am satisfied with my own needs I might become complacent. But the right thing to do is to ensure that everybody is satisfied. As mentioned earlier, my core values are

The Attack on Black Tom Island (Known as Liberty State Park) June Research Paper

The Attack on Black Tom Island (Known as Liberty State Park) June 30th, 1916 - Research Paper Example Introduction The location of Black Tom Island was at the convergence of Upper New York Harbor and the Hudson River, on the New Jersey side of the bay, immediately offshore of Jersey City. Initially, it was actually little more than a forested mudflat. The name of the island accrues from one resident, who resided in the island referred to as Tom. Studies indicate that this dark-skinned inhabited the island for a long time. Around 1880, a there was erected a causeway to link the island to the Jersey shore and the builders also constructed a railroad on the causeway. Expansion also occurred in the island with landfills and there was construction of warehouses and piers. The Lehigh Valley Railroad Company owned and controlled the railway while the National Dock and Storage Company managed the warehouses. The use of these facilities was for shipping all-purpose consignment (Bryant, 2009). Black Tom was approximately 1,200 feet. It encompassed approximately 20 acres, magnitude of roughly 8 00 feet north and south and 1,200 feet east and west. German saboteurs destroyed the Black Tom warehouse before the United States went into World War I (Groundspeak, Inc, 2011). The attack of Black Tom Island and the resulting explosion of July 30, 1916 in New Jersey was an operation of sabotage on American armory supplies by German agents. The German agents did this as a way of preventing their Allies from using such powerful ammunitions in the First World War. The extension that occurred in the Island by use of landfill added up the boundaries of the Island to the limits of Jersey City. The ammunitions majorly stored in the Island came from the northeast (Unsolvedmysteries.com, 2011). The attack was successful since general rules favored the attackers in a great way although technically, America was a neutral nation during the explosion. Many people thought that the major aim of the attack was for the persuasion of the America to join the Allies and arbitrate in the war in Europe (Waronyou.com, 2011). The attack on Black Tom Island Before a 1915 obstruction of the Central Powers by the British Royal Navy, American companies were open to trade their materials to any buyer, but during the time of the attack, Germans were the solitary likely customers. Investigations indicated that during the night of the explosion, there were two million pounds of ammunition stored at the warehouse in cargo vehicles. This included one hundred thousand pounds of TNT on the Johnson Barge No.17, all pending for final delivery to France and Britain (Unsolvedmysteries.com, 2011). Investigations on the explosion also indicate that there was prior planning before the attack. In 1914, immediately after the beginning of war in Europe, the German administration posted a new ambassador in Washington. Count Johann Von Bernstorff came with a group staff not of envoys, but of trained German intelligence operators. In addition, the staff had an abnormally high budget of 150 million dollars. Although the staff carried out normal consular duties, they also guided a system of other agents in the Unites States. They selected targets for damage, and used their funds to purchase materials and bribe officials. In addition, German agents, for instance master spy Franz von Rintelen, endeavored to augment the injuries imposed by their attacks. Von Rintelen invented a volatile charge called a pencil bomb devised to explode when a ship was already out to sea

Principles of Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Principles of Microeconomics - Essay Example This will create imbalance in the economy hence may result in a shortage of consumer goods. Question 2: opportunity cost means the best substitute given up in order to produce more of other type of goods. As more of one good is produced the opportunity cost to produce it rises (Sloman). Each time we make a choice to do something; simultaneously we are eliminating the choice of an alternative good. Moreover, if a country is producing more of one good it has to sacrifice ever increasing amount of the other. The reason for it is difference in factor of production. Production factors may suit production of a particular type of good and shifting resources to production of other type of good would result in increasing opportunity cost. For example: if government decides to build a shopping mall instead of hospital, the facilities and health care provided by that hospital is given up or forgone. Question 3: Change is quantity demanded: a change in quantity demanded occurs when there is move ment along the demand curve with respect to price and quantity. It usually stems from a change in the price of the product. An increase in the price causes downward movement along the demand curve leading to an increase in the quantity demanded whereas a decrease in the price causes an upward movement along the curve causing a decrease in the quantity demanded. ... It is important to note that this causes a total change in the range of price and quantity combinations. Price D1 D2 Quantity Question 4: An economic equilibrium is located when demand and supply of the commodity in discussion meets (Sloman). This point is said to be the optimum level of functioning point in an economy because all the stakeholders are able to achieve their objective of buying and selling their goods at their desired quantity level. However, economist work hard to reach this point since such an equilibrium is theoretical. Equilibrium would only be achieved at a point where demand and supply curves intersect. Moreover, any point below or above the equilibrium will either create excess demand in case of low price, or excess supply in case of higher price. The gap in supply and demand will exist in the short term. However, as sellers and consumers readjust their sell and purchase habit, equilibrium will be reached eventually. Question 5: If the technology to produce page rs improves it will push the supply curve to the right and there will be an increase in supply of pagers, meaning that for every price, the quantity supplied will increase. If the prices of cellular phones drop, the aggregate demand for pagers will decrease because cell phones are an alternative product, pushing the aggregate demand curve to the left, meaning that for every price, the quantity demanded will decrease. Both these factors shall bring down the price of pagers down by a significant level and make pagers much cheaper. Certain products have a very limited supply and an excessive demand, such as the superbowl tickets. The price elasticity of such products is extremely low as people are willing to pay more than the

Assignment 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Assignment 7 - Essay Example Studies show that the number of protests has increased at higher rate in the past three years. The State of Washington alone reported approximately 20 protests of this kind in the year 2006 (Zeigler 1). Organizations can avoid protests in various ways including maximization of competition by an agency. Agencies can maximize competition by making the process to be open while avoiding biases. Keeping the process open involves informing the public clearly about what an agency intends to do during the bidding process. All the bidding processes should be clearly documented. An organization should also ensure that all the processes listed in the document are followed. Transparency is vital in any bidding process. It can be enhanced by publishing the written procedures and policies. This can also serve as evidence against future protests. While keeping the process open it is important for an agency to ensure that specifications or requirements are not costly and restraining. The other recommendation for preventing the protest includes offering supplier training. Most protests occur due to failure to offer supplier training. Supplier training enables suppliers to gain knowledge and skills on how to offer procurement services in ethical ways. The other strategy of avoiding the protest includes being in charge. It involves accountability of the agency in the award decision making and writing procedures. Many agencies fail because they heavily depend on experts in technical assistance and evaluation processes. Experts are helpful, but agencies should only seek advice instead of making them in charge of the entire process because the purchasing lead usually makes the final decisions since they are the ones who sign the award and accept accountability even if decisions were made based on the experts’ recommendations. Protests can also be avoided by specifying the roles of both parties. This helps in preventing the public from protesting

Paraphrasing and Summarizing Essay Example for Free

Paraphrasing and Summarizing Essay Paraphrasing is restating someone else’s ideas in your own words while providing proper in-text citations and references to acknowledge the original source, and let the readers know that the idea is not yours. It plays an important role in academic documents, legal documents, articles journals, etc. It requires crucial thinking, understanding and writing skills to rephrase a document in your own words.| paraphrasing reflects the understanding of a person rather than the writer who has presented the original work. Moreoever, a good quality paraphrased version of a work can be more concise and yet thorough than the original piece of writing. A summary is a concise version of a long detailed text while keeping the context clear. A summary can also be called an abstract, synopsis, executive summary or recap of the original. It highlights the main points of the original text, but it is smaller than the main article. Without summaries, a reader would have to read the entire text that definitely needs a lot of time. Instructions Summarizing 1. Read the original text straight through, quickly but thoroughly. 2. Reread the original material, highlight ideas that stand out to you as being important, and underline key terms. 3. Break the text into sections, with each conveying one of the authors main points. The goal of a summary is to express the central ideas of the original work, leaving out secondary material. 4. Write your summary in sentence form, using the main points and key terms as the muscle of your summary. Try to keep the ideas in your summary organized in the same sequence as in the original text. 5. Compare the original text to your summary to ensure you have covered the main ideas and havent left out any key terms. Paraphrasing 1. Read the original text straight through, quickly but thoroughly. 2. Reread the original material, taking note of the concept the author is trying to convey. 3. Express the text in your own words without changing the authors meaning. The goal of a paraphrase is to rewrite the original text without leaving out anything of substance. 4. Compare the original text to your paraphrase to ensure you have captured the essence of the authors ideas and have not quoted the text directly. The paraphrase must be written with language and sentence structure entirely your own.

Detection of Pesticides in Foods Using Chemiluminescence

Detection of Pesticides in Foods Using Chemiluminescence Sensitive And Selective Detection of Pesticides in Foods Using Chemiluminescence Zhou Yan Introduction Pesticides are widely used in agriculture to protect seeds and crops before and after harvesting. They have contributed significant economic benefits to society. At the same time, widespread use of pesticides has created serious problems regarding their effect on the environment and human health.[1]. Even low levels of contaminants can cause adverse effects on humans, animals, plants, and ecosystems. The application of pesticides has increased appreciably during the past few years, resulting in a potential risk for the human health.[2] .During recent decades, the number of publications on pesticide residue analysis has increased significantly, and important advances have been made in the development of methods for a wide variety of sample types[3]. N-methylcarbamates (NMCs) are commonly employed as pesticides, the structures show in figure 1. Their main characteristics of NMCs are low stability, high toxicity, and non-accumulation in organic tissues. Some of the NMCs, including carbaryl, carbofuran and methiocarb, are considered in the final list of compounds to be considered for periodic re-evaluations by the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR)[4]. Fig.1 Stucture of the selected N-methylcarbamates Analysis of pesticides in food, environmental, forensic and clinical samples is a difficult task because of the low concentration values and matrix complexity of the target compounds. Gas chromatography (GC) has been widely used for pesticide analysis in food, clinical and environmental samples due to its high selectivity and sensitivity [5]. However, some analytes are not suitable for GC separation because of their low volatility, thermal lability or high polarity. Phenylurea, carbamate, benzimididazole some pyrethroid,, organophosphorus, and quaternary ammonium derivatives are examples of such pesticides[6] . Chemiluminescence is defined as the emission of light as the result of a chemical reaction[7]. Chemiluminescence (CL) is one of the highest sensitive analytical techniques for the detection of pesticides, due to the high dilution of these substances in environmental samples and compounds in a great variety of matrices depending on their participation in a CL reaction as catalysts, precursors, oxidation, inhibitors and so on. Three Sensitive And Selective Methods Detecting Pesticides in Foods Using Chemiluminescence Determination of pesticides in water and vegetables by HPLC with post-column chemiluminescence using the luminol reaction .[8]. Chemiluminescence (CL) has been revealed as an excellent tool for the detection of pesticides.[9] .The best known example is the luminol (5-aminophthalylhydrazide), The Proposed mechanism of the luminol CL reaction shows in Fig 2, when (5-aminophthalylhydrazide) is oxidated in alkaline medium , it produces the excited 3-aminophthalate anion, which emits light when it is relaxed to the ground state using several oxidants such hexacyanoferrate (III), permanganat and hydrogen peroxide and so on [10]. The reaction presents a powerful application as detection system in flow injection analysis (FIA) or in liquid chromatography (HPLC), where luminol-type compounds can be used as a derivatization reagents allowing the analytes to be detected at very low levels. Fig. 2 Proposed mechanism for the luminol CL reaction. A scheme of the HPLC–UV–CL system is shown in Fig. 3. The reversed phase separation was carried out in a C18 column. A peristaltic pump was used to deliver luminol and potassium permanganate . After separation and UV/vis detection at wavelength of 220 nm, with the stream of potassium permanganate and luminol solutions. A mixing reactor (d1) linked both â€Å"T† connectors. Another mixing reactor (d2 ), was used to link the outlet of the inlet of the detection cell and the second connector. The resulting stream was passed to the detection cell and the CL emission from oxidation of luminol was recorded as the background blank signal (baseline). The quantification of carbamates was based on the increase in the CL intensity , calculated as A=[I/IIS], where A is the analytical signal, I is the net CL signal due to the presence of the NMCs in the luminol–KMnO4 system, IIS is the CL signal. due to the internal standard. Ethiofencarb was choosed to be the IS ,due to it is well differentiated from the rest of analytes in the selected chromatographic conditions and also it is a NMC which produced an enhancement of the CL emission from the luminol oxidation by potassium permanganate in alkaline medium. Fig, 3 Scheme of the HPLC-UV-CL manifold, d1, d2: mixing reactors Recovery experiments were carried out in vegetables to check the applicability of the proposed methodology ,to make sure if it can use in the detection of NMCs in the real sample. No NMCs were detected when a sample blank was analyzed using the proposed method. Three replicates were prepared at each concentration level, and each one was injected by duplicate. obtaining recoveries in the range of 107.7–88.6%. Chromatograms of cucumber sample are presented in Fig. 4. Fig.4 Chromatogram of a cucumber sample applying the proposed HPLC–CL method: (A) Blank sample; (B) sample spiked with 50ug kg−1carbofuran and methiocarb and 5ug kg−1 carbaryl. Peaks: 1, carbofuran; 2, carbaryl; 3, methiocarb; IS, internal standard. A sensitive and selective HPLC–CL method was used for the determination of NMCs in vegetables. Compared with other sensitive methodologies which use CL or fluorescence detection, this method is very simple because no derivatization process is needed. the great enhancement produced by these compounds on the CL emission of luminol using permanganate as oxidant makes the resolution of three carbamates (carbofuran, carbaryl, and methiocarb) in less than 14 min possible. Chemiluminescence Switching on Peroxidase Like Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for Selective Determination of Various Pesticides.[11] Due to the classical CL systems have very low efficiency which can not transform the chemical energy into light efficiently, so the enhancement of their CL efficiency to give intense emission intensity is one of the most important factors in quantitative analysis. From now on , a number of approaches have been explored for the enhancement of the efficiency. Such as developing intrinsically selective CL switching at the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles ,which make a great contribution to the sensitive detection and simultaneous determination of various pesticides. Fe3O4 nanoparticles with high peroxidase-like catalytic activity can catalyze the decomposition of dissolved oxygen to generate superoxide anions at their surface. The surface superoxide anions have high chances to be scavenged in the presence of ethanol. However, the scavenging effect can be effectively inhibited through the specific binding of target molecules on Fe3O4 nanoparticles. As shown in figure 5, water has no effect on the CL change but ethanol can lead to a significant CL quenching of the luminol−Fe3O4 system. EP is one of the widely used organophosphorus pesticides . there is no CL response of the EP aqueous solution in the luminol−Fe3O4 system by using pesticide ethoprophos (EP) as the target analyte. If we add EP ethanol solution ,which resulting a significant CL enhancement . we can abserved clearly. Fig 5 Pesticide Ethoprophos (EP) and the Mediums Produce the CL Response on Luminol (LUM)-Based CL Systems As shown in Figure 6A, With increasing the concentration of EP solution to the luminol−Fe3O4−ethanol system, the CL will significantly and continuously enhanced. Such high enhancing response has proved that EP molecules can inhibit the scavenging of superoxide anions efficiently. But not all organophosphorus have this function. As shown in Figure 6B, only EP and PF organophosphorus esters (containing P=O bond) with a phosphorus−sulfur bond (P−S bond) are able to light up the CL systerm in luminol−Fe3O4−ethanol solution. Fig 6 CL switching-on chemosensor for sensitively and selectivel (A) CL enhancement of the luminol−Fe3O4 ethanol system with increasing the concentration of EP . (B) The CL response selectivity to arious pesticides (0.1 mM): ethoprophos (EP), profenofos (PF), dylox (DL), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). In order to make sense of the mechanism of CL switching, we choose the FeCl2 as source materials to study the interaction between EP molecules and Fe2+ ions. For the purpose of having better understanding of the coordinative groups, we do the theoretical energy calculations, as shown in Fig 7. Due to the important principle of energy minimum, the conformation was optimized as the coordination of sulfur atom instead of the oxygen atom. This result is reasonable because sulfur is more polarizable than oxygen and naturaly has a stronger coordinative bond formation. These calculations and discussions imply that EP molecules will have the strongest coordinative with Fe2+ ions, among the four different pesticides. Therefore, it is reasonable to suppose that the CL enhancement is attributed to the coordination of EP molecules on surface Fe2+ ions that inhibits the scavenging of superoxide anions. Fig 7 Optimized Conformations of the Complexes of (EP)2 -FeCl2 Based on the Theoretical Calculation of the Binding Energies (ΔE) for Different Coordination Formats The mechanism of CL switching is illustrated in Figure 8. Firstly decomposition of dissolved oxygen by the intrinsic peroxidase-like catalytic activity of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, we can get the superoxide anions, and due to the high surface-to-volume ratio of the nanoparticles, the resultant superoxide anions will absorb at the surface of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles (1).Then, ethanol reacts with superoxide anions through the radical scavenging process (2) there is no light emission after the addition of luminol (3) EP molecules are first added into the Fe3O4 colloidal solution before adding ethanol, (4). This molecular structure can effectively inhibit the scavenging of superoxide anions from ethanol (5) even if in the presence of ethanol, the addition of luminol still produces a strong light emission (6). The two CL response formats are combined to form a CL â€Å"switching-on† chemosensor (7). Fig 8 Mechanism of CL switching at the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles: The CL â€Å"turn-on† chemosensor was used to sensitively detect nonredox molecules specificitly. and has a a lot of application in lab experiment, because of it has the ability to detect molecules of interest in complexed and real samples after a simple magnetic separation.. The very simple and versatile strategy should open a new window of the development of CL chemosensors. And also make a great development in the application of magnetic nanoparticles (à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ °) Analytical performances of validated chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassays to detect N-methylcarbamate pesticidesà £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 12à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) with chemiluminescent detection for the determination of carbaryl carbofuran and methiocarb were developed recently and the analytical parameters of these assays were compared with those of ELISAs with colorimetric detection. By using the chemiluminescent reagents for the detection of lower concentrations of horseradish peroxidase which can decrease the optimal antibody and conjugate concentrations and to reach better analytical parameters. Both in terms of accuracy and precision, results obtained by ELISAs correlated well. with those obtained by a liquid chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry (LC/ESI/MS/MS) analysis, and also used as reference method to validate the immunoassays results. In order to fit into the linear part of the calibration curve and subsequently analysed by ELISA, each primary test sample was subjected to three independent dilutions .The dilution factors applied for the Nmethylcarbamate analysis are shown in Fig 9. Fig 9. Concentrations of immunoreagents and baby food sample dilutions applied in the ELISAs The reported results show that the chemiluminescent detection make a great improvement for the analytical performances of carbamates ELISAs. What’s more, the chemiluminescent ones with lower detection limits, can analyse various kinds of non-fatty samples simply and easily, just diluting them. This fact could avoid the extraction procedures and time consuming pre-treatment . Since the problems related with possible matrix effects can be easily overcome by using highly diluted samples. The time required to prepare the samples can be greatly reduced and their number increased significantly in each analytical session, as well as the reagents cost per assay is reduced. Conclusion : This review mainly introduce three Sensitive and Selective Methods Detecting Pesticides in Foods Using Chemiluminescence, each has advantages and disadvantages.(as shown in the following table). We can choose the appropriate method according to different situations. References: [1] Varsamis, D. C; Touloupakis, E.; Morlacchi, P.; Ghanotakis, D. C.; Giardi, M. T.;  Cullen, D. C. Talanta 2008, 77, 42–47. [2] Martà ­nez, E. J.; Barrales, P.; Cà ³rdova, M. L.; Medina, A. Anal Chimica Acta 2011, 684, 30–39. [3] Hua, L.; Mei, G.; Ping, H.; Yong, Z.; Long, L.; Hua, J.; Yong , M. Anal. Chem. 2012, 84, 255−261. [4] Alinorm 01/24A Appendix IX. Priority list of compounds scheduled for evaluation or reevaluation by JMPR. 2001 Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR). [5] Xian , G.; Tao, C.; Guang, Y. Chromatography A. 2005, 1100, 160–167. [6] Lesueur, C.; Knittl, P.; Gartner, M.; Mentler, A.; Fuerhacker, M.; Food Control. 2008, 19 906–914. [7] Gracia, A. M.; CampaËÅ" na, J. J.; Chinchilla, J. F.; Pà ©rez, A.; Casado. Trends. Anal. Chem. 2005, 24, 927. [8] Fernando, J.; Pà ©rez, H.; Marà ­a, A.; Campa, N. Anal Chimica Acta.2008, 630,194–200 [9] Lopez, J. L.; Catala-Icardo, M. Anal. lett .2011,44,146-175. [10]Laura, G..G.; Ana, M.; GarcÄ ±Ã‚ ´a, C.; Jorge, J. ;Soto, C.;, Jose, F.; Huertas, F.; Gonza, L. C. Anal Chem,2005 ,24, 11, [11] Guan, G. J.; Yang, L.; Mei, Q. S.; Zhang, K.; Zhang, Z. P.; Han, M. Y. Anal. Chem. 2012, 84, 9492−9497. [12] Barbora, M.; Tomas, K.; Pavel, R.; Mar ´Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±a, J. M.; Antonio, A.; Angel, M.; Elida, F.; Fabiana, F.; Stefano, G.. Anal .Chimica. Acta .2005,528,243–248.

Impact of Just in Time in Manufacturing

Impact of Just in Time in Manufacturing CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Introduction to the Problem Statement of the Problem: It had been proved from time and again the positive impact of Just in Time in manufacturing. No models or methodologies have been developed to relate how predictive maintenance can have a significant effect on the performance of JIT in manufacturing and its supply chains. In early 1950s Toyota devised their manufacturing system called Toyota production system which streamlines the entire process of manufacturing in an organized way through continuous information sharing between supplier and customer to achieve just- in- time production. Just-in-time is one of the major pillars of Toyota production system. Implementation of lean principles gave way for various strategic advantages in manufacturing. (Lathin, 2001) stated that using lean principles, a traditional mass producer could expect a reduction of 90% in inventory, cost in quality, lead time and 50% increase in labor productivity. (Nystuen, 2002) stated that one could see a reduction of 90% in travel time, 82% in inventory and 11% in product lead time. After the success of Toyota production system,  Ã‚   although this production system revolutionized the entire process of manufacturing in Japan, it did not reflect the west. This is due to many reasons such as traditionally minded management (Gup ta and Jain, 2013), lack of machine capability, high inventory, fluctuating markets (Golhar, Stamm, and Smith, 1990), high product variety (Cusumano, 1994) and lack of communication between processes. One of the biggest key suspects understands machine capability. This can be achieved by filling the gap between machine capability information and production planning. To achieve this system, there are 2 key elements; Real- time machine data and data processing. P.ODonovan, K. Leahy, K. Bruton and D.T.J. OSullivan (2015) presented a concept called smart manufacturing where manufacturing data can be used create positive impact on the manufacturing operations The first industrial revolution began in early 1800s through mechanical production using steam and water. Since then, there has been two other industrial revolutions through assembly line production for mass production, increase quality, reduce cost and manufacturing time; and using technology and IT systems. Currently the manufacturing industry is in the midst of data driven revolution transforming traditional manufacturing facilities into smart manufacturing facilities (Peter ODonovan, Kevin Leahy, Ken Bruton and Dominic T. J. OSullivan, 2015). Many industry Pundits today believe; we are currently undergoing fourth industrial revolution through internet technology in manufacturing. Machine reliability has always played an important role for manufacturing. Over time machines have become smarter and are capable of collecting their performance as feedback. It has always been a challenge to fix the machines during downtime and machines technicians are also required to keep themselves updated on latest technologies. (Jay Lee, Hung-An Kao, Shanhu Yang, 2014) suggested that machines could be connected together in a cyber-workspace where, machine data could be collected and later analyzed using predictive tools for machine predictability. Connecting the machines through cyberspace enables managers to monitor every machines performance remotely without visiting every machine during the day. Significance of the Research Research Questions and Objectives Implementation of predictive maintenance has been a buzzword for some time in Internet of Things (IoT) neighborhood. In the recent years, many companies have been implementing predictive maintenance activities it to their advantage in order to achieve machine failure free environment. There has been a lot of case studies published in the recent times on implementation of predictive maintenance activities with results closer to machine failure free operation. Most of research in predictive maintenance in recent times have focused on different methodologies and algorithms implemented in data mining, classification and prediction in order to achieve failure free operation. In the course of literature review it was found that, there has been a lack of research in studying the effect of implementation of predictive maintenance activities throughout manufacturing supply chains. This research study is conducted to answer some of the questions in an industry environment such as (1) What was effect in product flow by implementing predictive maintenance activities? (2) How were the supply chains impacted by the implementation of predictive maintenance activity (3) Was there any effect on the performance of Just-in-time manufacturing? (4) If so, what factors were affected and by how much? (5) Can a model estimate the effect on the performance of Just-in-time in manufacturing before the implementation of predictive maintenance activity? This research study is conducted to answer these questions by collecting and mining data from current manufacturing setup and its supply chains, applying new methods to analyze it and use traditional regression models to predict the performance change in Just-in-time in manufacturing.   The objectives in this research includes The development of a methodology for measuring performance variance in Just-in-time for an industry environment and throughout its supply chains by implementing Predictive maintenance activity. The identification of Just-in-time performance measurement factors that would have significant effect in predicting the performance before implementation of predictive maintenance activity The creation, verification and validation of a model that could estimate the performance variance in Just-in-time for future implementations throughout the supply chain CHAPTER II Literature review Overview JIT in Manufacturing Machine Maintenance All actions appropriate for retaining an item/part/equipment in, or restoring it to, a given condition is known as maintenance (Dhillion, 2002). Each year US manufacturing industry spends about $300 billion on plan maintenance and operations. It is also estimated that approximately 80% of the industry budget goes towards correcting chronic failures of machines, systems and peoples (Latino, 1999). There are 2 types of machine maintenance and are classified as follows. Planned maintenance is generally classified as preventive (PM) and corrective maintenance, while breakdown maintenance is considered as unplanned. Preventive maintenance can be further subdivided into fixed maintenance and predictive maintenance. (Mansor, Ohsato, Sulaiman, 2012). Unplanned Downtime The unscheduled maintenance or repair to return items/equipment to a defined state and carried out because maintenance persons or users perceived deficiencies or failures is known as corrective maintenance (Dhillion, 2002). Planned Downtime There are many definitions to preventive maintenance. All actions carried out on a planned, periodic, and specific schedule to keep an item/equipment in stated working condition through the process of checking and reconditioning is known as preventive maintenance (Dhillion, 2002). In the recent years, PM has been one of the most sought techniques in industries across different areas. One of the main objectives of PM is to keep the machine in running condition through standard inspection methods and correction methods at early deficiency stages. Performing PM activities has some of the advantages such as increasing equipment availability, reduction of overtime, reduction in inventory, improve safety, improve quality, reduces time and cost (Levitt, 1997). Some of the disadvantages of PM are it increases initial cost, damaging equipment, reduces life of parts and using more number of newer parts (Patton, 1983). Fixed maintenance Predictive maintenance Similar to preventive maintenance, predictive maintenance have several definitions. To some workers, predictive maintenance is monitoring the vibration of rotating machinery in an attempt to detect incipient problems and to prevent catastrophic failure or it is monitoring the infrared image of electrical switchgear, motors or other electrical equipment to detect developing problem (Mobley, 2002). According to Dhillion (2002), predictive maintenance is a method of using modern measurement and signal processing methods to accurately diagnose item/ equipment condition during operation. It would not be wrong to say, Predictive maintenance is a complement of preventive maintenance which uses various testing and measuring methods to monitor the equipment status and predict the machine failures. According to Mobley (2002), there are five nondestructive techniques used for predictive maintenance management: vibration monitoring, process parameter monitoring, thermography, tribology, and visual inspection. Predictive maintenance not just limited to manufacturing sectors used various other industry such as water and wastewater utility solutions (Severn Trent Services), Transportation railway (Finnish railway VR Group), Power grids (Israel Electric corporation), Oil and gas industry, wind power (Roland Berger Strategy Consultants, 2014), Airline industry (IBM, 2014), Biotech industry (Cypress Envirosystems, 2008) and many more. Some of the case studies related to manufacturing would be discussed in later part of this report. Case Studies KALYPSO: Predictive analytics and Improved Product design with machine learning Daimler: Automotive manufacturer increases productivity for cylinder-head production by 25 percent IBM Asset Analytics for Manufacturing Equipment in Automotive Israel Electric Corporation moves towards smarter maintenance Fluke Corporation: White Paper: Thermography Roland Berger: Oil and gas Reducing breakdowns and increasing production of highly critical assets Roland Berger: Wind Power Reducing maintenance costs and improving uptime in a challenging operational environment ABB Group: Predictive Maintenance for Heavy Industry Data collection, Data mining and Predictive maintenance methodologies Data Collection Sensor data Historical data Data mining Techniques Signal Processing and Feature Extraction Principle Component Analysis (PCA) based fault detection Predictive Maintenance methodologies Health Assessment Self-organizing map (SOM) Performance Prediction Health Diagnosis Self-organizing map (SOM) References Latino, C.J., Hidden Treasure: Eliminating Chronic Failures Can Cut Maintenance Costs up to 60%, Report, Reliability Center, Hopewell, Virginia, 1999 M.A. Mansor, A. Ohsato and S. Sulaiman, KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT FOR MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR, International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, SSN: 2229-8649 (Print); ISSN: 2180-1606 (Online); Volume 5, pp. 612-621, January-June 2012 Levitt, J., Managing preventive maintenance, Maintenance technology, February 1997, 20-30. Mobley, R Keith, An Introduction to predictive maintenance, 2002, 2nd ed, ISBN 0-7506-7531-4

Essay --

Rationale of CBT for adolescent obesity Till date, most of the intervention studies of childhood obesity have recommended the use of comprehensive interventions that include behavioural therapy along with changes in diet and physical activity are the most successful approaches to improving long-term weight and health status.( Jelalian E et al.,1999) American Dietetic Association (2006) and the Expert Committee on the treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity (2007) also recommend cognitive behavioural intervention as an essential component of treatment. Considerable empirical support exists for programs that incorporate some combination of techniques such as stimulus control, self-monitoring, goal setting, problem solving, cognitive restructuring, parent skills training, and relapse prevention in the treatment of childhood and adolescent obesity.(Spear BA.,2007; Johnston CA et al.,2008; Stewart L et al.,2008). Recent literature also supports and recommends the use of CBT for adolescent obesity. Cochrane review of 54 randomized clinical trials on lifestyle interventions with the aim to ascertain the most effective intervention in the treatment of childhood obesity found that a behavioural lifestyle intervention with parental involvement, is preferred over standard care or self-help.(Oude L H et al.2009). Kirschenbaum and Kristen (2013) reviewed five recent expert recommendations on the treatment of adolescent obesity and found that all of the expert committees support the use of intensive dietary intervention, physical activity, and cognitive-behavioural counselling. Cognitive behaviour therapy has been found to be effective treatment of adolescent obesity as clearly evident in the literature. With the increasing... ...home from school, stairs climbing at home or school) †¢ Psychopathology (Developmental Psychopathology Checklist by Malvika Kapoor., 2002; Child Behaviour Checklist by Thomas M Achembach.,1991) †¢ Depression Children Depression inventory II by Maria Kovacs., 2010) †¢ Anxiety (Depression anxiety stress scale (DASS) by Lovibond., 1995) †¢ Stress (Stressful Life event scale for Indian children by Savita Malhotra., 1993) †¢ Body image (Body Shape Questionnaire by Cooper et al.,1986.) †¢ Self esteem (Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale by Rosenberg.,1965 ) †¢ Disordered eating pattern ( (Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire by T Van Strein., 1986, Children Eating Behaviour Questionnaire by Jane Wardle et al., 2001) †¢ Isolation, Teasing, bullying ,Social Support , Level of concern, motivation and stage of readiness for behavioural change (Semi-structured interview schedule)

Mass Media and it’s strong hold on the American People :: Essays Papers

Mass Media and it’s strong hold on the American People â€Å"If you vote for me, I promise a brighter future!† This is a slogan that has been used over and over by countless politicians throughout the history of our country. However, the difference between a politician who made this statement sixty years ago and one who makes it today is enormous. Somehow over the years, the leaders of our country took a once trusted and adored institution and turned it into a national symbol of distrust. Thus we now live in society where very few Americans could honestly state that they trust politicians. So, did politicians become more devious and manipulative post 1950, or has the increase in mass media turned the American people into a cynical society? As our country entered into the second half of the 20th century, many US citizens knew very little about what went on throughout the world a politics. This all changed with the introduction of mass media. Finally the American people were able to see the effects of every decision that Washington made. Presidents were now able to deliver speeches to every living room throughout the country. Everything that went on throughout the country was now being exposed to the American People, be it through television, radio or printed press. With the end of World War II, our country began to enter this new era of mass media. Almost instantaneously, the public began to have access to the world of politics. So, ready or not, the American people were now going to have front row tickets to over fifty years of deception and scandals. The show began with President Dwight Eisenhower lying to the public on national TV, attempting to deny US involvement in a espionage. They were then fortunate enough to learn about how the CIA had entered into an alliance with the mob in a failed attempt to oust Fidel Castro. This relationship is also one that many believe led to the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963. The government then decided its policy during the 60’s should be to lie and undermine the American people. This political decision was one that created a division in our country that had not been present since the Civil War. Finally, Nixon was elected, and the American people began to have new hope for happier times. The American people seemed hopeful for new beginnings and thought that maybe this was a president that they could trust.

The Case of Billy Frank Vickers :: Essays Papers

The Case of Billy Frank Vickers According to the article, Prosecutors Doubt Inmate Confession True, by Angela K. Brown, Billy Frank Vickers, condemned inmate, received a lethal injection on Wednesday night January 28, 2004 for a 1993 murder after confessing that he was involved in about a dozen other crimes, including the shootings that placed a cloud of suspicion over Davis for three decades (Brown). Jack Strickland, a former prosecutor in the Davis case, said he had never heard of Vickers and that his claims were a last-ditch attempt to get attention and monkey around with the system. Now the question arises of whether lethal injection was the best option for punishing Billy Frank Vickers, not because he is innocent, but because of the question of whether it is humane to take away someone’s life by inserting chemicals into his or her body that may cause more pain than can ever be imagined. I personally believe that there is no justifiable reason to give someone the death penalty as a form of punishment. In the minds of the American public and jurors in capital cases the perception of lethal injection is of a clean, clinical, and painless end. As stated in the article, Lethal Injection, seventy-one percent of those responding to a 2001 survey considered injection to be the least cruel form of execution (Lethal Injection). This perception is an advantage to the state because the public is much more willing to accept execution in this form and jurors are more willing to convict and pass the death sentence. At times it is understood why the death penalty would be considered in cases. Maybe the people are a threat to not only society but also to themselves, and need to be put to death so they can do no harm to anyone. Vickers gunned down a grocery store owner who was probably trying to make a living for himself and his family. Now this man is gone; his family is left in agony, and maybe Vickers deserves to die. Some people may say an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, but do two wrongs make a right? Some people may consider the death penalty as inhumane. As stated in the article, Naked City, by Rita Radostitz, Texas uses three chemicals in the lethal injection process: sodium thiopental (an extremely short-term anesthetic), pancuronium bromide (which paralyses the diaphragm and other muscles so the inmate is unable to move or speak, even if he is in pain), and potassium chloride (which stops the heart).

History Of Beverages/Soft Drink

Soft drinks can trace their history back to the mineral water found in natural springs. Bathing in natural springs has long been considered a healthy thing to do; and mineral water was said to have curative powers. Scientists soon discovered that gas carbonium or carbon dioxide was behind the bubbles in natural mineral water. The first marketed soft drinks (non-carbonated) appeared in the 17th century. They were made from water and lemon juice sweetened with honey. In 1676, the Compagnie de Limonadiers of Paris were granted a monopoly for the sale of lemonade soft drinks. Vendors would carry tanks of lemonade on their backs and dispensed cups of the soft drink to thirsty Parisians. Joseph PriestleyIn 1767, the first drinkable man-made glass of carbonated water was created by Englishmen Doctor Joseph Priestley. Three years later, Swedish chemist Torbern Bergman invented a generating apparatus that made carbonated water from chalk by the use of sulfuric acid. Bergman's apparatus allowe d imitation mineral water to be produced in large amounts. John MathewsIn 1810, the first United States patent was issued for the â€Å"means of mass manufacture of imitation mineral waters† to Simons and Rundell of Charleston, South Carolina. However, carbonated beverages did not achieve great popularity in America until 1832, when John Mathews invented his apparatus for the making carbonated water. John Mathews then mass-manufactured his apparatus for sale to soda fountain owners.Health Properties of Mineral WaterThe drinking of either natural or artificial mineral water was considered a healthy practice. The American pharmacists selling mineral waters began to add medicinal and flavorful herbs to unflavored mineral water. They used birch bark, dandelion, sarsaparilla, and fruit extracts. Some historians consider that the first flavored carbonated soft drink was that made in 1807 by Doctor Philip Syng Physick of Philadelphia. Early American pharmacies with soda fountains be came a popular part of culture. The customers soon wanted to take their â€Å"health† drinks home with them and a soft drink bottling industry grew from consumer demand.The Soft Drink Bottling IndustryOver 1,500 U.S. patents were filed for either a cork, cap, or lid for the carbonated drink bottle tops during the early days of the bottling industry. Carbonated drink bottles are under a lot of pressure from the gas. Inventors were trying to find the best way to prevent the carbon dioxide or bubbles from escaping. In 1892, the â€Å"Crown Cork Bottle Seal† was patented by William Painter, a Baltimore machine shop operator. It was the first very successful method of keeping the bubbles in the bottle.Automatic Production of Glass BottlesIn 1899, the first patent was issued for a glass-blowing machine for the automatic production of glass bottles. Earlier glass bottles had all been hand-blown. Four years later, the new bottle-blowing machine was in operation. It was first o perated by the inventor, Michael Owens, an employee of Libby Glass Company. Within a few years, glass bottle production increased from 1,500 bottles a day to 57,000 bottles a day.Hom-Paks and Vending MachinesDuring the 1920s, the first â€Å"Hom-Paks† were invented. â€Å"Hom-Paks† are the familiar six-pack beverage carrying cartons made from cardboard. Automatic vending machines also began to appear in the 1920s. The soft drink had become an American mainstay. http://inventors.about.com/od/foodrelatedinventions/a/soft_drinks.htmIntroduction to PopThe History of Soft Drinks Timeline By Mary Bellis See More About soft drinks beverageGirl Serving From Soda Fountain Bar Serving Soft Drinks LOC See More About soft drinks beverageThis timeline accompanies Introduction to Pop – The History of Soft Drinks Soft drinks by definition are carbonated drinks that are non-alcoholic. Carbonated soft drinks are also refereed to as soda, soda pop, pop, or tonic. 1798 The term â €Å"soda water† first coined.1810 First U.S. patent issued for the manufacture of imitation mineral waters. 1819 The â€Å"soda fountain† patented by Samuel Fahnestock. 1835 The first bottled soda water in the U.S. 1850 A manual hand & foot operated filling & corking device, first used for bottling soda water. 1851 Ginger ale created in Ireland. 1861 The term â€Å"pop† first coined. 1874 The first ice-cream soda sold. 1876 Root beer mass produced for public sale. 1881 The first cola-flavored beverage introduced. 1885 Charles Aderton invented â€Å"Dr Pepper† in Waco, Texas. 1886 Dr. John S. Pemberton invented â€Å"Coca-Cola† in Atlanta, Georgia. 1892 William Painter invented the crown bottle cap. 1898 â€Å"Pepsi-Cola† is invented by Caleb Bradham. 1899 The first patent issued for a glass blowing machine, used to produce glass bottles. 1913 Gas motored trucks replaced horse drawn carriages as delivery vehicles. 1919 The American Bottlers o f Carbonated Beverages formed.1920 The U.S. Census reported that more than 5,000 bottlers now exist. Early 1920's The first automatic vending machines dispensed sodas into cups. 1923 Six-pack soft drink cartons called â€Å"Hom-Paks† created.1929 The Howdy Company debuted its new drink â€Å"Bib-Label Lithiated Lemon-Lime Sodas† later called â€Å"7 Up†. Invented by Charles Leiper Grigg. 1934 Applied color labels first used on soft drink bottles, the coloring was baked on the face of the bottle. 1952 The first diet soft drink sold called the â€Å"No-Cal Beverage† a gingerale sold by Kirsch. 1957 The first aluminum cans used.1959 The first diet cola sold. 1962 The pull-ring tab first marketed by the Pittsburgh Brewing Company of  Pittsburgh, PA. The pull-ring tab was invented by Alcoa. 1963 The Schlitz Brewing company introduced the â€Å"Pop Top† beer can to the nation in March, invented by Ermal Fraze of Kettering, Ohio. 1965 Soft drinks in can s dispensed from vending machines.1965 The resealable top invented. 1966 The American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages renamed The National Soft Drink Association. 1970 Plastic bottles are used for soft drinks. 1973 The PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) bottle created. 1974 The stay-on tab invented. Introduced by the Falls City Brewing Company of Louisville, KY. 1979 Mello Yello soft drink is introduced by the Coca Cola company as competition against Mountain Dew. 1981 The â€Å"talking† vending machine invented.http://inventors.about.com/od/sstartinventions/a/soft_drink.htmHISTORY OF COCA-COLA:Invented in the City of Atlanta over a hundred years ago. Atlanta 1886. John Pemberton in 1886 was experimenting with a new recipe. Took some secret ingredients and boiled them into a syrup. Took some to Jacob’s pharmacy where he mixed it with carbonated water and place it on sale for 5 cents a glass. Thus greatest invention of all time. Accountant of Pemberton – Frank Rob inson, coined the name Coca-Cola and famours trademark News spread across Atlanta 1st year – average drinks sold 9 drink per day 1888 – sold to Asa G. Candler and Co. to produce and distribute coca-cola Mr. Candler was a marketing genius, countless creative ways to promote the product. Gave the color red in barrels to give a distinctive appearance All over America-Soda foams. Then in bottles – idea Sold them the right to do that – 1dollar 1916 – introduced coca cola contour bottle; so unique it became instantly famous 1919 – Candler sold the company to a group of investors. Robert Woodriff who became the company’s president Make ice-cold coca cola available to anyone, where, placeFIRST TRULY GLOBAL BRAND 100 YEARS LATER – FORMULA IS STILL A GUARDED SECRET MOST RECOGNIZED TRADEMARK IN THE WORLD ENJOYED IN MORE THAN 200 COUNTRIESHISTORY OF BOTTLING:Coca-Cola ® originated as a soda fountain beverage in 1886 selling for five cent s a glass. Early growth was impressive, but it was only when a strong bottling system developed thatCoca-Cola became the world-famous brand it is today. 1894 †¦ A modest start for a bold ideaIn a candy store in Vicksburg, Mississippi, brisk sales of the new fountain beverage calledCoca-Cola impressed the store's owner, Joseph A. Biedenharn. He began bottling Coca-Colato sell, using a common glass bottle called a Hutchinson.Biedenharn sent a case to Asa Griggs Candler, who owned the Company. Candler thanked him but took no action. One of his nephews already had urged that Coca-Cola be bottled, but Candler focused on fountain sales. 1899 †¦ The first bottling agreementTwo young attorneys from Chattanooga, Tennessee believed they could build a business around bottling Coca-Cola. In a meeting with Candler, Benjamin F. Thomas and Joseph B. Whitehead obtained exclusive rights to bottle Coca-Cola across most of the United States (specifically excluding Vicksburg) — for the sum of one dollar. A third Chattanooga lawyer, John T. Lupton, soon joined their venture. 1900-1909 †¦ Rapid growthThe three pioneer bottlers divided the country into territories and sold bottling rights to local entrepreneurs. Their efforts were boosted by major progress in bottling technology, which improved efficiency and product quality. By 1909, nearly 400 Coca-Cola bottling plants were operating, most of them family-owned businesses. Some were open only during hot-weather months when demand was high. 1916 †¦ Birth of the contour bottleBottlers worried that the straight-sided bottle for Coca-Cola was easily confused with imitators. A group representing the Company and bottlers asked glass manufacturers to offer ideas for a distinctive bottle. A design from the Root Glass Company of Terre Haute, Indiana won enthusiastic approval in 1915 and was introduced in 1916. The contour bottle became one of the few packages ever granted trademark status by the U.S. Patent Office . Today, it's one of the most recognized icons in the world – even in the dark! 1920s †¦ Bottling overtakes fountain salesAs the 1920s dawned, more than 1,000 Coca-Cola bottlers were operating in the U.S. Their ideas and zeal fueled steady growth. Six-bottle cartons were a huge hit after their 1923 introduction. A few years later, open-top metal coolers became the forerunners of automated vending machines. By the end of the 1920s, bottle sales of Coca-Cola exceeded fountain sales. 1920s and 30s †¦ International expansionLed by longtime Company leader Robert W. Woodruff, chief executive officer and chairman of the Board, the Company began a major push to establish bottling operations outside the U.S. Plants were opened in France, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Belgium, Italy, Peru, Spain, Australia and South Africa. By the time World War II began, Coca-Cola was being bottled in 44 countries. 1940s †¦ Post-war growthDuring the war, 64 bottling plants were set up ar ound the world to supply the troops. This followed an urgent request for bottling equipment and materials from General Eisenhower's base in North Africa. Many of these war-time plants were later converted to civilian use, permanently enlarging the bottling system and accelerating the growth of the Company's worldwide business. 1950s †¦ Packaging innovationsFor the first time, consumers had choices of Coca-Cola package size and type — the traditional 6.5-ounce contour bottle, or larger servings including 10-, 12- and 26-ounce versions. Cans were also introduced, becoming generally available in 1960. 1960s †¦ New brands introducedFollowing Fanta ® in the 1950s, Sprite ®, Minute Maid ®, Fresca ® and TaB ® joined brandCoca-Cola in the 1960s. Mr. Pibb ® and Mello Yello ® were added in the 1970s. The 1980s brought diet Coke ® and Cherry Coke ®, followed by POWERADE ® and DASANI ® in the 1990s. Today hundreds of other brands are offered to meet consum er preferences in local markets around the world. 1970s and 80s †¦ Consolidation to serve customersAs technology led to a global economy, the retailers who sold Coca-Cola merged and evolved into international mega-chains. Such customers required a new approach. In response, many small and medium-size bottlers consolidated to better serve giant international customers. The Company encouraged and invested in a number of bottler consolidations to assure that its largest bottling partners would have capacity to lead the system in working with global retailers. 1990s †¦ New and growing marketsPolitical and economic changes opened vast markets that were closed or underdeveloped for decades. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Company invested heavily to build plants in Eastern Europe. And as the century closed, more than $1.5 billion was committed to new bottling facilities in Africa. 21st Century †¦The Coca-Cola bottling system grew up with roots deeply planted in local communities. This heritage serves the Company well today as people seek brands that honor local identity and the distinctiveness of local markets. As was true a century ago, strong locally based relationships between Coca-Cola bottlers, customers and communities are the foundation on which the entire business grows.

THe Operating budget

It will recognize one to two difficulties a Budget Analyst will have in dealing with the monetary allowance. This paper will suggest two to three techniques the org ought to survey with respect to new activities and plan cuts throughout the following five years. Introduction With roots traversing the distance once more to the sass's, The City of New Orleans is the Largest Metropolitan city in the State of Louisiana. It is a port city, which had a populace of 343, 829 as of the 2010 U. S. Statistics (Bureau, 2012).The mission, objectives and targets of the city are to have more open security, more occupation reaction, more entertainment for the young, and to decrease curse in the city. New Orleans is still in a move stage. Despite the fact that it has been 9 years after Hurricane Strain, one of America's Deadliest Hurricanes, the city is as of now remaking, even now rebuilding regardless really developing. Typhoon Strain influenced the city's monetary wellbeing. The city has a few div isions that they need to help run the city and keep it going easily.In this modifying move, the key arrangement of the city is attempting to keep the city's financial plan streamlined without slicing crucial administrations to the subjects of New Orleans. The Mayor's 2014 Budget was ready utilizing a methodology called Budgeting for Outcomes (BOO). Planning for Outcomes is intended to enhance benefits and improve degree of profitability of open dollars. BOO begins with a set of comes about that matter to nationals and empower imaginative methods for attaining them inside the assets accessible.In accordance with the Mayor's planning standards, BOO accentuates responsibility, development and cooperation. Like execution planning, BOO concentrates on what general society gets, the extent to which it costs and how results will be measured. BOO begins with the results natives need from their City government and attempts to adjust those necessities to the monetary allowance choice making m ethodology. Offices are welcome to submit â€Å"offers† to clarify how they can attain the best comes about that matter to natives for the least cost and what execution measures they will use to exhibit achievement.The Government Finance Officers Association (GOOF) has received this methodology to planning as a â€Å"prescribed best practice. † (Nolan. Gob, 2014) For the 2014 financial plan, The City of New Orleans has assessed aggregate income of 837,516,571 and evaluated aggregate sees of 837,516,571. This figure does exclude the 247. 4 million in capital consumptions. In reference to financing, in the improvement of the 2014 Budget, the City created a multi-year income estimate for the General Fund. The figure considered key components, for example, expected financial development, development standpoint, populace development, and different pointers.Real income sources, for example, deals expense were determined utilizing national and nearby projections of financial action and noteworthy patterns and examples of income accumulation. Sources utilized within creating these projections incorporate national monetary gauges for expansion, and development in true GAP. The City's obligation commitments might be partitioned into two classes: working obligation and general commitment obligation. These classifications are overseen by the Department of Finance and the Board of Liquidation.The obligation incorporates retirement and annuity for city workers, including fire and police laborers. It additionally incorporates a few securities and advances. (Nolan. Gob, 2014) Plan Challenges One significant test will be the Consent Decree ordered by the legislature, for the New Orleans Police Department. A Consent Decree is a request issued by a Judge that communicates a deliberate understanding by the members in a claim. Now and again a suit closes when a Judge issues an assent declaration, or an assent Judgment.This is particularly the situation when the decla ration is issued after one side of the case willfully consents to stop a specific activity without confessing to any illicitness of the activity. For an assertions between two gatherings to be viewed as tying and legitimate, it should additionally be perceived by the court. An assent proclaim for this situation is legal distinguishing of the understanding. The announcement frequently bans one side of the case from specific activities. (weeklies. Com, 2013) The City of New Orleans was included in an assent order with the New Orleans Police Department.The full and supported execution of this Agreement is proposed to secure the protected privileges of all parts of the group, enhance the wellbeing and security of the populace of New Orleans, and expand open certainty in the New Orleans Police Department. With the death of the commanded statue, there will be extra financing required to verify things are done as ordered. Those expenses have not yet been uncovered. Plan Recommendations Thr oughout the following five years two procedures the office ought to survey with respect to new activities would and plan slices would be to go to the natives and figure out what they need, need and longing.As opposed to making arrangements and commitments from the hip, the city ought to captivate with the nationals. The second technique that the City ought to assume is figuring out how to sway its residents to return to the city. A considerable measure of nationals left the city after Hurricane Strain, the popularization was unconquerable. In the event that the city an do a push to recover the subjects that would accumulate more income to the economy.

Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep

Is a science fiction novel by American writer Philip K. Dick first published in 1968. The main plot follows Rick Deckard, a bounty hunter of androids, while the secondary plot follows John Isidore, a man of sub-normal intelligence who befriends some of the androids. The novel is set in a post-apocalyptic near future, where the Earth and its populations have been damaged greatly by Nuclear War during World War Terminus. Most types of animals are endangered or extinct due to extreme radiation poisoning from the war. To own an animal is a sign of status, but what is emphasized more is the empathic emotions humans experience towards an animal. Deckard is faced with â€Å"retiring† six escaped Nexus-6 model androids, the latest and most advanced model. Because of this task, the novel explores the issue of what it is to be human. Unlike humans, the androids possess no empathic sense. In essence, Deckard probes the existence of defining qualities that separate humans from androids. The book's plot served as the primary basis for the 1982 film Blade Runner. Setting Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? takes place in 1992 (2021 in later editions), years after the radioactive fallout of World War Terminus destroyed most of Earth. The U. N. ncourages emigration to off-world colonies, in hope of preserving the human race from the terminal effects of the fallout. One emigration incentive is giving each emigrant an â€Å"andy† — a servant android. The remaining populace live in cluttered, decaying cities wherein radiation poisoning sickens them and damages their genes. Animals are rare and people are expected to keep them and help preserve them. But many people turn towards the much cheaper synthetic, or electric, animals to keep up the pretense. Rick Deckard owned a sheep, but it died of tetanus, and he replaced it with a synthetic sheep. The main Earth religion is Mercerism, in which Empathy Boxes link simultaneous users into a collective consciousness based on the suffering of Wilbur Mercer, largely an endless walk up a mountain in which stones are thrown at Mercer, the pain of which the users share. The television appearances of Buster Friendly and his Friendly Friends, broadcast twenty-three hours a day, represent a second religion, designed to undermine Mercerism and allow androids to partake in a kind of consumerist spirituality. It is revealed that neither Mercer nor Friendly are actual humans despite popular belief. edit]Androids Androids are used only in the Martian colonies, yet many escape to Earth, fleeing the psychological isolation and chattel slavery. Although made of biological materials and physically all but indistinguishable from humans, they are considered to be pieces of machinery. Police bounty hunters, such as Rick Deckard, hunt and retire (kill) fugitive androids passing for human. Often, Deckard's police department will collect and analyze the corpses of suspected â€Å"andys† to confirm that they are, in fact, artificial. Earlier androids were easier to detect because of their limited intelligence. As android technology improved, bounty hunters had to apply an empathy test — the Voigt-Kampff — to distinguish humans from androids, by measuring empathetic responses, or lack thereof, from questions designed to evoke an emotional response, often including animal subjects and themes. Because androids are not sympathetic, their responses are either absent or feigned, and measurably slower than a human's. The simpler Bonelli Test, used by another police department in San Francisco, measures the reflex-arc velocity in the spinal column's upper ganglia, but is very painful to the subject, as well as the results taking longer to produce. Plot summary The novel follows bounty hunter Rick Deckard through one day of his life, as he tracks down renegade androids who have assumed human identities. The novel begins with Deckard feeling alienated from his wife who, he feels, is misusing her mood organ by choosing inappropriate moods, like depression. Deckard meets Rachel Rosen when travelling to Rosen Industries to test the validity of an empathy test on the new android type: the Nexus 6. Rachael is an attractive female android Deckard initially believes to be human. Rachael believes herself to be human as she has memories implanted from the niece of her manufacturer. She attempts to turn Deckard away from bounty hunting. Deckard becomes confused about humanity, morality and empathy. He is arrested after attempting to retire the second android and taken to what appears to be a fully functional and publicly accessible police station—but it is not a police station Deckard knows about. Deckard escapes with fellow bounty hunter Phil Resch after deducing that the station is staffed by androids. His moral quandary deepens after working briefly with Phil Resch, who Deckard learns is a particularly callous fellow bounty hunter. Deckard's story is interwoven with that of J. R. Isidore, a driver for an animal repair shop who cannot qualify to leave Earth due to his low IQ. Isidore lives alone in a nearly entirely empty apartment building with little outside contact other than his Empathy Box. Pris Stratton, an android identical in appearance to Rachel, moves into the building and the lonely Isidore attempts to befriend her. Pris and her friends get Isidore to help them trap Deckard as he comes to retire them. Once Deckard realizes the size of the challenge ahead, he enlists Rachel to help him, and they proceed to have sex. By Deckard's having sex with her, Rachel hoped to stop him from bounty hunting, but he will not and drops her off. Deckard nevertheless succeeds in killing the androids, causing Isidore to break down from the loss of his only friends, and earning him a citation for the record number of kills in one day. He returns home and his wife reports having seen Rachael Rosen kill his real pet goat. He understands that Rachael was taking revenge and is thankful that the loss is only financial; the android could instead have killed his wife. He travels to an isolated desert to meditate and has an epiphany. He also finds a toad, thought to be extinct and considered to be Mercer's favorite animal. Deckard brings it home, where his wife discovers that the toad is in fact synthetic. Deckard is not glad but â€Å"prefers† to know the toad is artificial.

Children and Advertising Essay

Children are the most vulnerable to advertising. They are the most susceptible because their minds are immature and are unable to distinguish good advertising versus bad advertising. Television commercials have a huge impact on how it affects children. Commercials are the biggest form of advertisement geared toward children. â€Å"Children between the ages of two and eleven view well over 20,000 television commercials yearly, and that breaks down to 150 to 200 hours† (MediaFamily, 1998). Television advertisements geared towards children have the biggest market by far. â€Å"The advertising market in 1997 showed that children under twelve years of age spent well over twenty-four million dollars of their own money on products they saw on television† (Kanner & Kasser, 2000). Kanner and Kasser go on to say that advertisers have even hired psychologists as consultants to help the advertisers come up with fine-tuned commercials that attract children (2000). In 1999, a group of psychologists wrote to the American Psychological Association asking them to restrict the use of psychological research by advertisers to help sell their products to children. This letter also called for, â€Å"an ongoing campaign to probe, review and confront the use of psychological research in advertising and marketing to children† (Hays 1999). â€Å"Some child advertisers boldly admit that the commercials they use exploit children and create conflicts within the family† (Kanner & Kasser, 2000). Kanner and Kasser also say that, advertisers work very hard to increase their products â€Å"nag factor†. This term often refers to how often children pressure their parents to buy the item they saw advertised on television (2000). The effects on advertising to children can be very noticeable. There have been numerous studies done that document that â€Å"children under eight years old are  unable to understand the intent of advertisements developmentally, therefore  they accept the advertising claims as true† (Shelov, S., et. al., 1995). â€Å"The American Academy of Pediatrics continues to say that children under the age of eight cannot distinguish commercial advertisements from regular television programming. In addition, advertisers have become sneaky about the way they convey their product† (Shelov, S., et. al., 1995). For example, when the announcer says, â€Å"some assembly required† for a toy, it is at the end of the commercial and the announcer speaks very quickly. Sometimes, the disclaimers are written in small print and shown at the end of the commercial, and are not understood by most young children. Excessive television viewing often times causes higher obesity rates among children. Children often see foods that are high in fat and calories advertised on television and end up consuming too much of these foods. The American Academy of Pediatrics says that the bombardment of advertising for food and toys to children may result in the increased number of conflicts between parents and children. The American Academy of Pediatrics believes that, â€Å"advertising directed toward children is inherently deceptive and exploits children under eight years of age† (Shelov, S., et. al., 1995). Cigarette advertisements seen in magazines or billboards are an area that is in need of change. â€Å"In 1988, teenagers alone spent well over $1.26 billions on cigarettes and smokeless tobacco† (Shelov, S., et. al., 1995). This number has rose significantly since 1988, and continues to rise rapidly. Although there is an advertisement ban of cigarettes on television, logos and billboards are prominent in televised sports. This makes television advertising of cigarettes very prominent. There were two studies down in the early 1990s on cigarette advertisements. This study looked at how familiar children were with the Old Joe Camel logo on Camel cigarettes. â€Å"These studied revealed that nearly one third of three-year-old children, and almost all of the children over the age of six could identify the Joe Camel logo. By the age of six,  the Joe Camel logo was as familiar to children as Mickey Mouse† (Shelov, S., et. al., 1995). The advertising campaign for Camel cigare ttes was more  effective among children and adolescents than it was among adults. â€Å"In 2000, a study showed that on average, eighty-two percent of children in the United States see the numerous magazine advertisements for cigarettes† (Siegel, 2001). Alcohol advertisements on television are another touchy area. â€Å"American children view nearly 2000 beer and wine commercials every year on television and these ads specifically target young people by showing the â€Å"advantages† of drinking† (Shelov, S., et. al., 1995). There is a public health interest in trying to protect children from alcohol and cigarette advertisements. â€Å"The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends banning all tobacco and alcohol advertisements in the media, but some researchers believe that counter-advertising advertisements are more effective† (Shelov, S. et. al, 1995). Recently though, there have been counter-advertising campaigns aimed reducing the number of young people who smoke. In 2001, the â€Å"I Decide† campaign started airing on television. â€Å"This anti-smoking campaign, sponsored by the Illinois Department of Public Health, is the current anti-smoking campaign in Illinois. The â€Å"I Decide† advertisement aired on local ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, and the WB networks in Winnebago, Macon, Champaign, Tazewell, Sangamon, Peoria, and McLean counties. I Decide advertisements also run on the following cable networks, ESPN, MTV, BET, Comedy Central, and TBS† (Illinois Department of Health, 2002). Alcohol and cigarette advertisements are still around and promote the wrong message to children. The effects on advertising to children can be very evident. There are laws and organizations out there to help protect children from advertisers. Advertising is a powerful tool in American culture today; it exists solely to sell  products and services. Advertising to children has not always been legal. ‘In 1750 BC, the Code of Hammurabi made it a crime to sell anything to a child without obtaining consent† (Shelov, S. et. al, 1995). Things in the advertising industry have changed significantly since then. In 1978, Michael Pertschuk, the chairman of the Federal Trade Commission, tried to restrict television advertisements aimed at children under thirteen. Due to a  ferocious lobbying campaign, his proposal did not pass (Kanner & Kasser, 2000). In the last fifteen years or so, there have been a few laws passed about advertising to children on television. â€Å"The Children’s Television Act of 1990 mandated that all broadcasters must show either educational or instructional children’s programming in order to renew their broadcasting license. This act also limits commercial time to ten and a half minutes per hour on weekends, and twelve minutes per hour on weekdays† (Shelov, S. et. al, 1995). Shelov and others continue on to say that, the main problem with this law is that television stations can cite public service announcements to fulfill the Children’s Television Act. They also said that this Act also established the Children’s Television Endowment Fund, which encourages the development of new educational programming for children (1995). There is currently an organization called the Children’s Advertising Review Unit (CARU) that is part of the Council of Better Business Bureaus. CARU reviews advertising and any promotional materials directed at children in the media (Council of Better Business Bureau, 2000). The Council of the Better Business Bureau continues on to say that CARU’s main duties are to review and evaluate child-directed advertisements in all forms of media, and to review the online privacy practices if they affect children. â€Å"If the advertisements are inconsistent or misleading with CARU’s Self-Regulatory Guidelines for Children’s Advertising, they seek change through the voluntary cooperation of advertisers† (2000). They work closely with advertisers to promote educational messages to children that are consistent with the  Children’s Television Act of 1990. The CARU’s Self-Regulatory Guidelines for Children’s Advertising gives criteria for evaluating advertising that is child-directed. There continues to be many more organizations out there that help protect children from advertisements. Until advertisers stop targeting children, there will always be a need for organizations that help protect children from advertisemen ts. It seems to me that the best ways to protect children from what adults fear will harm them- alcohol, drugs or advertising, is to set an example by our own behavior. We can talk with them  and encourage them to talk about the subject. The effects of media are minimized when parents talk to children about them. Whether we like it or not media education begins at home. The Internet is also another medium where children are at risk. Numerous web sites feature advertising to children. † In fact, many web sites are set up exclusively for children, such as, Nickelodeon’s and Disney’s. A growing number of web sites are now eliciting personal information. Some even use incentives and gifts to get e-mail addresses or other personal info† (DeFalco 1996). There is a very important law that helps protect children on the Internet. In April 2000, the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 (COPPA) took effect. â€Å"This Act says that if any personable identifiable information about a child under thirteen years of age is collected online, a privacy notice must be posted† (Federal Trade Commission, 2000). â€Å"Website operators must also get parental consent before collecting, using, or disclosing any personally identifiable information. In addition, this Act allows parents to review any personal identifiable information collected from their children. When the parents review their child’s personal information, they have the right to revoke their consent and ask that the information they collected about  their child is deleted from that website† (Federal Trade Commission, 2000). The Federal Trade Commission also says that site operators are required to list any third parties that the website operator gives information to, about a child. If the list of third parities changes, the website operator must have parental consent again (2000). The Center for Media Education (CME) is an organization that is dedicated to protecting children online by visiting websites to make sure that the COPPA rules are being enforced. CME is a national nonprofit organization, which dedicates itself to creating quality electronic media culture for children  and youth, for their families, and for the community. Their research focuses on the potential for children and youth in this rapidly evolving digital media age. â€Å"Over the years, CME has been the leading force in expanding both children’s educational television programming and fostering television and Internet safeguard for children and teens† (Center for Media Education, 2001). The Internet is an area that is growing rapidly, and is one area where children are the most vulnerable to advertising. Advertising to children also has many positive benefits, for both the marketers’ pocket and for the development of the child. â€Å"Kids are little human beings that need to grow up and learn valuable lessons, that throughout their lives they are going to want things that they can not have† (Fletcher and Phillips 1998). Also, in the media demanding society that we live in, learning how to decipher the truth of advertising messages is critical. Likewise, advertisers argue that parents still have ultimate control over household purchasing decisions. This presents an opportunity for children to learn to respect authority, which is another step critical to a child’s development. Additionally, advertising money helps pay for educational opportunities. â€Å"Without  advertising there would be a lot less toys and a lot less children’s programming such as Nickelodeon and the Cartoon Network† (Fletcher and Phillips 1998). Marketers are also using their advertising dollars to benefit education in other ways. â€Å"Cadbury, Pentax, C&A and Coca-Cola are advertising in textbooks and other learning materials such as wall charts† (Marshall, 1997). Due to under-funded school budgets, money may have not been otherwise available to pay for these supplementary educational materials. Advertising to children definitely has both positive and negative benefits that help and hinder the development of the child. Regardless of the effects  that marketers have on our youth, advertisements will continue. Mainly in part due to the high amount of dollars involved. New areas of the ethical debate will also continue to grow. Some of these new issues are the controversies that are arising from the exponential growth of the Internet and of global marketing. Both governmental agencies and parents need to be aware of this continuing debate as these new issues arise. Also, awareness needs to be developed on how these new issues affect children based on existing psychological research so that parents and the government can react in the best approach possible. The boundaries in media and advertising are rapidly changing. Young people will benefit more by learning to make intelligent media (and consumer) decisions than by attempts to limit their exposure to information that they will inevitably be exposed to regardless of the regulatory climate. Works Cited Center for Media Education. (2001). About the center for media education (CME). Retrieved March 20, 2002, from Http://www.cme.org. Council of Better Business Bureau. (2000). About the Children’s Advertising Review Unit (CARU). Retrieved January 30, 2002, from Http://www.caru.org/carusubpgs/aboutcarupg.asp. Federal Trade Commission. (2000). How to protect kids’ privacy online. Retrieved January 31, 2002, from Http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/conline/pubs/online/kidsprivacy.htm. Fletcher, Winston and Phillips, Richard. (1998, May 29). â€Å"A children’s character for advertising; analysis of advertising which targets children.† Campaign, page 28. Hays, C.L. (1999, October 31). Group says ads manipulate children with psychology. New York Times, p. C6. Illinois Department of Health (2002). I decide. Retrieved March 20, 2002, from Http://www.idecide4me.com/html/campaign/schedule.asp. Kanner, A.D., & Kasser, T. (2000). Stuffing our kids: Should psychologists help advertisers manipulate children? 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