The Discipline And Discharge Of Employees

Discipline, in the context of a work place, can be defined as the act of implementing acceptable behavior in wayward employees to create a comfortable working environment. Discharge of an employee means to dismiss him or her from their job. The discipline and discharge of employees tends to be a thorny issue at any work place. No person really wants to be told they are wrong or that they are lagging behind in their work, that they do not show team spirit or are rude to colleagues and disrespectful to those in charge.Just as there are guidelines on how to handle other issues that may arise at work, there are also guidelines on how to discipline and discharge employees. Though they are generally tenacious duties to carry out, with the right approach, it can be done without leaving one feeling like the offender. Approaches to discipline at the work place There are four major areas which cost employers the most when it comes to discipline. These are namely, absenteeism, wasted time, subs tance abuse and pilfering (Levine, 1998). The objectives of discipline are basically accepted as good.They are accepted as being vital to the work place. Discipline is necessary to promote the health and safety of all employees, to protect company property, to ensure steady production and to create a pleasant working environment. The controversy comes about in how should these disciplinary measures be taken (Levine, 1998). There are two approaches that can be taken toward employee discipline, that of being lax on the rules without clearly outlining what they are to create a freer atmosphere or that of letting employees know all the rules and the penalties for violating them.Though management can argue that outlining all the dos and don’ts will make their employees feel as though they are children who cannot tell between right and wrong, it has been shown that taking the lax approach is detrimental to a good working environment. In the case of a lawsuit, the employer stands to lose if there are no formal and written documents outlining the discipline code expected by the employer. Again, the relaxing of rules gives a green light to mutinous employees who will incite a good number into a sort of rebellion.And again, the lack of a written statement that covers various violations and accorded remonstrations may make employees think that they might misbehave without being punished (Levine, 1998). When it comes to employee discipline, management can borrow a leaf from educators who believe that there should be a middle ground. This means that discipline should not be taken to extremes with rigid unbendable rules and constant monitoring. The message that should be passed across to the employees is that there is a limit to their expression and behavior which affects not only themselves but the rest of their team.They must also be made to understand that their bad behavior brings down the whole team and there are consequences for misbehavior which they must face (Levine, 1998). The written rules should not take on a confrontational tone. Rather, they should sound like they solely have the employee’s welfare in mind. On the other hand the rules should not sound apologetic. The wording should not bring about any ambiguity. Let the statements be simple and to the point with the offense and punishments clearly outlined (Levine, 1998). Though there may be general rules to offenses, it is best to treat each case of misconduct as an isolated incident.Management has to consider under what circumstance the rules were broken. For example if an employee is an hour late for work an investigation has to be done into his late coming to see if it is justifiable. The employer has to consider also the employee’s record of time keeping thus determining what disciplinary action to take (Levine, 1998). It is paramount that the punishment stipulated for any misdeed should be to make the employee see his mistake. Never should a punishment be given for the sake of punishing. An employee should be able to learn from his error as the employer stresses on the mistake, not the person who has made it.The punishment should also be equitable to the offense being neither too grievous nor too light (Levine, 1998). Finally there should be no favorism shown by the employer when it comes to meting out punishment. All employees should be punished accordingly when on the wrong. If there are signs that some employees are getting off too lightly, there will be resentments held amongst the workers. This will not create amiable working environment (Levine, 1998). What is thornier than disciplining an employee is discharging one. There is just no easy way of informing a person that his employment is being terminated.The ex-employee may feel aggravated to the point of filing a lawsuit. How does an employer minimize the probability of being taken to court or in the event of that happening and prove he fired his employee on perfectly legal grounds ? There are cases where employers discharge employees on personal reasons, discriminating on grounds of sex, religion, color, race, age or physical disability. If an employee is fired on these grounds, he has the right to sue, as long as he can convince the court that he was wronged. On the other hand, an employer can fire his employee with due process and respect.The correct way of going about this is to inform the employee of what is expected of him, in detail. If he shows deficiencies, inform him in detail how he can upgrade his performance. The employer should give a verbal warning for misconduct followed by a written warning, a suspension and finally discharge. At no point should the employer show contempt toward his employee. The employer should also keep detailed records of the employers misdemeanor in the case that a lawsuit is filed by the employee. With the proper guidelines and attitude, an employer can instill the required discipline in his workers without raising aggres sion or hostility.It is important that the employer lead by example to encourage his employees to follow suit. With discipline, there is a relaxed working atmosphere and greater output seen. Disciplinary policies and procedures We have already what disciplinary problems are that may be experienced at work and divided them into four broad categories: absenteeism, time wasting, substance abuse and pilfering. Though the employee is free to choose the mode of punishment, there are general policies that are used to outline these punishments.It is the intent of any disciplinary policy to anticipate possible acts of violation of company policy and to encourage employees to change their behavior before it becomes chronic or intolerable leaving discharge as the only viable option (Normand, 2006). The first thing that management must ensure in implementing policies is to keep up consistency. Employees do complain of their bosses as being ‘unpredictable’ and ‘capricious†™. This may be because of having no formally written out rules and regulations outlining the punishments for wrongdoing.It may also be because of leniency or favorism on the employer’s part. Disciplinary policies should be adhered to without regard to friendship or family ties. It should be noted that the punishment policies include all personnel all the way up to management (Normand, 2006). There are stages in notifying an employee of his misconduct depending on the grievousness of the offense and the number of times the offense has been repeated in the past by said employee. The first can be done verbally then in written form followed by a suspension if need be and ultimately a dismissal.For small offenses, the employee can give up to four repeats with a graver consequence for each repeat. No the other hand, an offense as grave as possession of or working under the influence of controlled substances could and should be met with an outright discharge (Normand, 2006). Since in the present day, employee lawsuits seem to be the norm, it is imperative that written warnings given to the employee and duly signed by the offended and the offensive party be kept as part of the employee’s record for future reference (Normand, 2006).In summary, when implementing disciplinary policies at work, make it clear to the employee what his mistake is, give appropriate punishment in accordance with the misdemeanor. Punishment must be administered within an acceptable time limit, ensuring that it is not delayed as its impact will be significantly reduced. Importantly above all, keep written records in case a dismissal boomerangs in the company’s face. Managerial ethics in employee relations Ethics is the learning process of differentiating between right and wrong and making the decision to do the right thing.But is this case really applicable at the work place? Are there not a lot of grey areas where the line between right and wrong is too thin? Business eth ics generally can mean to know what is right or wrong in the workplace and choosing to do what is right, this being in regard of products, services and relationships. The role of business ethics is to help managers know how to react when ethical issues arise (McNamara, 1997). Managing ethics has several benefits for both the employee and the employer and employee in the work place.In times of rapid change like the times we live in, business ethics act as a moral compass for management, making it easier to make right and moral decisions. Ethics also play a role in cultivating strong teamwork and discipline by aligning employee discipline towards those behaviors that their employers want. By having open dialogue with employees that the management wants, feelings of integrity and trust are built, features that are essential in building a strong team spirit (McNamara, 1997). Ethics policies also help employees grow as individuals.It helps them face reality, both good and bad, about them selves and their work place. It gives them the confidence to admit their mistakes and shortcomings (McNamara, 1997). The ethics programs help identify values that management wants to uphold, then aligns the employees behavior to uphold these values. Indirectly, this leads to higher quality assurance in the products and services delivered by the company, because the employees will pay greater attention to detail. The employees will also put greater value on the client satisfaction and work harder to achieve this (McNamara, 1997).Having an ethics program goes a long way in improving a company’s public image. Potential clients will feel reassured on learning that they will not only get value products but that their interactions with the employees of that company will be conducted with regard to their human dignity and respect for their needs. The word ‘ethicical’ inspires in one the confidence to trust that the person they are dealing with is not out to get the bett er of them. It would work the same way for a company (McNamara, 1997). Having strong workplace ethics has several benefits as has been outlined.Nut how does one an ethical working environment? One, there is the need to recognize that inculcating ethical behavior in employees is a process that takes time. It is said that old habits die hard, thus the employer should not expect employees to ‘unlearn’ bad behaviors overnight. It takes time and patience to get employees to abide by a certain code of ethics (McNamara, 1997). The ethical approach taken by a company should be practical, workable and beneficial. The expected change in behavior should bring a corresponding increase in productivity.The management should work towards integrating ethics management with other management practices so as to show employees that it is given equal weight. This also allows for management to allow their employees to know what ethical behavior is expected of them (McNamara, 1997). Forgivene ss within a company fosters an amenable environment. To err is human and where there are several people involved, there will be mistakes made. It is important that mistakes be recognized as such and be let go off, not bringing them up to the surface whenever there is a disagreement (McNamara, 1997).If a company is to succeed in instilling ethics in its employees, it must develop an appropriate code of conduct. There are essentials that are applied in outlining the code of conduct to be used by the company as guiding its ethical principles (McNamara, 1997). The management has to identify the key behaviors that it wants its employees to develop and then incorporate in the code of conduct. When writing out a code of conduct, use wording that stipulates that the code is to apply to all employees (McNamara, 1997).Before implementing the code of conduct, management should obtain opinions from key people on its workability and its practicality. Management has to distribute written copies o f the code to employees so that they do not give the excuse of ignorance if they are caught in acts that go against recommended behavior (McNamara, 1997). In conclusion, cultivating a healthy working environment is of the greatest essence but it is a challenging task that is full of pitfalls. The employer is charged with this multi faceted task that with the proper guidelines he or she can achieve with minimum damage.

World War 1 †Was this an “unnecessary war”?

There are conflicting views on this topic as the subject is a complex one. However, it is true that it was a war that could have been avoided. It can be argued that WW1 was inevitable in the circumstances, but if we look at the very root cause of the war was limited and could have been controlled. It was a series of events that triggered a massive, global war. The organ of the conflict was disagreement between Austria-Hungary and Serbia’s on how to handle the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand. No other countries were involved in the matter connected with the assassination.Russia and Germany got involved simply because of their objectives to safeguard Austria-Hungary and Serbia, respectively. Other countries like Britain, France, and the Ottoman Empire had almost no interest in the matter. Thus, if Russia and Germany had kept out of the matter, in simple words, the war could have been avoided. The Series of Incidents The First World War was definitely an unnecessary conflict. What began as a local conflict over a political assassination soon turned into an unbelievable bloodbath.The minor conflict between Austria-Hungary and Serbia soon had Americans fighting in France, Indian troops fighting in Mesopotamia, and Australians fighting in Gallipoli. The fight was now mainly about Germany for the Allied Powers, and not Austria-Hungary. The prime cause of original conflict, Archduke Franz Ferdinand’s assassination, however,still remained unresolved. Those who were still fighting in 918, were doing so because halting the war could lead to unacceptable losses.With nationalism spreading its roots fast through southern and Eastern Europe, was the major cause of mutinies in the Austro-Hungarian army and led to their collapse. Soon, Germany was isolated and this ushered in the war’s end (Brussels journal. 2008). Opaqueness Of Diplomacy Although diplomacy plays a major role in preventing armed conflicts from happening, in case of World War I, we find it playing an opposite role, whether intentionally or not. Few of the warring nations in World War I were directly interested or least involved in the conflicts between Austria-Hungary and Serbia.They became involved only because of treaties forcing them to protect other countries. Many of these treaties were publicly known while some were secret. The unclear diplomacy objectives were perhaps the main factors that led to Germany making some aggressive moves. The Germans thought that Britain would never go into war against them. Russia has its own secret treaties and agreements to take care of. Italy is believed to do some research of its own to decide which side will offer higher potential benefits.Hence, it were these diplomatic maneuverings that soon accelerated the war, leading it to catastrophic levels. The potential enemies were unclear of the consequences of their actions. It was the tragedy of the diplomatic crisis that led the fighting in August 1914 to swell into the four-y ear tragedy. Perhaps, if potentialities of radio and telephone were exploited to the maximum to break the obstacles to communication, the destruction of the continent and a dialogue of the deaf could have been avoided (Keegan, 1999).Conclusion World War 1 was unnecessary as the train of events could have been intervened at any point, before the first clash of arms happened. Millions of lived were lost and tortured. There are some views that Was World War 1 inevitable that the Nationalists and the militarists had been playing war games for more than four decades now and the time was just ripe for a real war. Conflicting ambitions and real tensions played a major role in the war’s escalation, what with the naval arms race on between Britain and Germany.With German colonial ambitions intensifying and a destabilizing Europe make some observers and strategists feel that was inevitable. However, WW1 had nothing to do with the root cause of the conflict -assassination of the Archduk e. It seems the tensions were already high in Europe and the rest part of the world for a number of different reasons. The assassination just gave these countries an excuse to settle their own scores.

Questionnaire report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Questionnaire report - Essay Example The data will be coded using statistical methods. The data will be tabulated into different categories and the total number of respondents in favour of a certain idea is recorded. These figures will then be calculated as a percentage of the total sum of the whole participants. This helps the researcher to interpret the findings on the basis of the responses that have been given by the participants in the study. b) Delivering the actual questionnaire to the respondents is quite a challenging task. First of all, this exercise is time consuming given that you have to walk around to identify the people you can involve in your study. You also have to talk to the people first before administering the questionnaire in order to obtain their consent so that they can participate in the study. The researcher needs to explain a couple of things to the participants before collecting the required data from them. The other challenging task is related to identification of the sample to be included in the study. Overall, the whole task is tedious and time consuming. c) Basically, sampling of individuals should be representative of the population being studied (Higginbottom, 2004). In this case, probability sampling would be used. This is a sampling technique where the samples are gathered in such a way that all the individuals in the population are given equal chances of being selected and this probability can be accurately determined (Davies, 2007). The main advantage of using random sampling for this research is that it is fairly easily to manage which can lead to accurate results. All the subjects involved in the population stand equal chances of being included in the study. Therefore, the selected sample is likely to be a representation of the whole population. Given such a scenario, it can be noted that the results that are going to be obtained from this particular study are

Apple Computers Marketing Channels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Apple Computers Marketing Channels - Essay Example (Owen, 2004) Management: Along with this an effective management is also required for the development and also for the training of employees in order to have a continue innovation of all the products of Apple for maintaining and retaining sufficient amount of funds, whenever other competitors are introducing new products. Demographic patterns: Females and males from the age level of 12 years and above will be always in a favor of Apple's product due to its all the new innovations, which are able to perform and also to avoid all those facilities, which would greatly appeal them. Overseas influence: The break down of all the barriers, which are in between those countries, which also increase the sales level of all the products of Apple along with this, it would also make people aware from their products. All the products of Apple are currently in the growing stage, with the help of which more and more people are becoming aware from their products and also purchasing their products, and with the help of this the demand is increasing day by day. On the other hand the sales are also growing very fast and profits are also rising very quickly, however apart from this the competitions is also increasing as the competitors are very much cognizant of all the tactics of all the product of Apple. Apple computer, Inc is known a... om the age level of 12 years and above will be always in a favor of Apple's product due to its all the new innovations, which are able to perform and also to avoid all those facilities, which would greatly appeal them. Overseas influence: The break down of all the barriers, which are in between those countries, which also increase the sales level of all the products of Apple along with this, it would also make people aware from their products. 2. PRODUCT ANALYSIS: All the products of Apple are currently in the growing stage, with the help of which more and more people are becoming aware from their products and also purchasing their products, and with the help of this the demand is increasing day by day. On the other hand the sales are also growing very fast and profits are also rising very quickly, however apart from this the competitions is also increasing as the competitors are very much cognizant of all the tactics of all the product of Apple. During this innovative stage, there are also many opportunities in order to have wider distribution; with the help of this the sales will be higher and higher. ASSUMPTIONS Apple computer, Inc is known as one of the greatest leader in the world of personal computers (pc) until its cloned IBM pc gained popularity. The market share of Apple slipped in spite of the gained popularity of its MAC great range of computers, which were no doubt sold with the help of all authorized retailers and resellers. In order to regain the market share of Apple, it started selling their products online in 1997 and also with the help of all the company owned retail stores. (Glen, 2006) CORE PROBLEM The core problem of this company is that despite the marketing channels which very truly tells punters that the Cupertino has one of the best quality

Marketing (branding) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing (branding) - Essay Example Firstly, branding is an elementary method of strategizing a firms’ position within the market that involves the entire aspects of the firms. Although branding is a task of the marketing department, it cannot be kept restrained to that department alone. Secondly, a brand has to be the carrier of a firm’s value and at the same time the value has to be explained in such terms which can be adapted by the consumers (Randall, G., â€Å"Branding: A Practical Guide to Planning Your Strategy†). Branding as a Business Policy â€Å"Functions, differences, image and source† are considered as the four dimensions of brand that eventually shapes the essence of brands. The brand identification becomes strong as a result of uniformity among the above mentioned dimensions. If it happens that cohesion among the dimensions is not strong and any one dimension among those is sending ambiguous indications to the market, then the essence of the brand gets hampered as the customer s perceive confusing notion about the brand (Randall, G., â€Å"Branding: A Practical Guide to Planning Your Strategy†). Source: (Randall, G., â€Å"Branding: A Practical Guide to Planning Your Strategy†).

Literature. Black American Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Literature. Black American - Essay Example In "I, Too" he makes it clear that the black man will sell or surrender his birthright to no one, for "I, too, sing America. . . .I, too, am America." The poem thus asserts the right of the black man to be heard, as it does the right of the black man to be given the respect due to a race that has known "ancient, dusky rivers", for, the soul of the black man is no shallow sieve but "has grown deep like the rivers." "Ballad of the Landlord" reminds the reader of Wole Soyinka's "Telephone Conversation", but Hughes' 'ballad' is somewhat darker in tone and manner than Soyinka's poem. In a rhythm that echoes black American speech rhythm as well as ballad meter, he sings: Although we do not hear the landlord's voice, we gather that the landlord reminds the tenant that he owes him ten bucks; and the tenant forcefully refuses to pay the amount "till you fix this house up new." We are given to understand that the landlord then threatens the tenant with eviction orders, telling him that he would turn off the heating and throw his furniture in the street. When the tenant then shakes his fist in the landlord's face, all hell breaks loose, and we are treated to the landlord's shrieks: Cle Police! Police! Come and get this man! He's trying to ruin the government And overturn the land! Clearly, things have got out of hand and we hear the "Copper's whistle", the "patrol bell" and the terse report, "Arrest. /Precinct Station./ Iron cell." The next day's newspapers complete the picture: "MAN THREATENS LANDLORD/ TENANT HELD NO BAIL/ JUDGE GIVES 90 DAYS IN COUNTY JAIL." The 'ballad' ends with absolutely no need to underscore the injustice of what was surely a routine affair not that long ago. This kind of discrimination was equally routinely doled out to others on the fringes of society, like gays and lesbians, and Hughes highlights their plight in "Cafe: 3 A.M." The poem is short enough to quote in full: Detectives from the vice squad with weary sadistic eyes spotting fairies. Degenerates, some folks say. But God, Nature, or somebody made them that way. Police lady or Lesbian over there Where The vice squad may appear weary, all right, but their defining streak is the combination of sadism and voyeurism in their makeup, which makes them prick their ears at the

Printmaking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Printmaking - Essay Example In this cheese printing, the artist engraved a metal plate covered in a resin. Resin is used because it is a material that is acid resistant. After applying the design, the plate is then dipped in an acid that â€Å"bites† the design into a plate, inked, and then pressed with a paper. Here, the artist drew directly on a stone that is very flat or even a special prepared metal plate usually a greasy crayon. The stone is then dampened using water, and then inked. The ink will then be clinged on the greasy crayon marks not on areas that are dampened. After pressing the paper against the stone, the ink found on greasy sections is transferred to it. Here, a specific type of pencil called silk screen is used. This technique was first used in 20th century. Andy Warhol first prepares a stretched screen that is very tight normally of blocks, and silk on areas that need not be printed through filling the mesh of screen using a vanish like substance or any material that would block the fabric pores. The paper is then placed below the screen and ink is forced through the open mesh on the paper. This print making processes is widely used in textile especially in common

Financial Market and Institutions (Assignment ) Assignment

Financial Market and Institutions ( ) - Assignment Example Liquidity: Fast and flexible liquidity of the asset market enhances demand for the assets. Conversely, increased liquidity of the alternative asset markets (like the stock market) lowers the demand for bonds. Wealth is the factor that impact on the total asset demand and that influence investors to demand one asset over another. Equilibrium interest rate is determined when the money supply and the interest are balanced. The interest rate moves towards equilibrium when the temporarily above or below the below or above the rate of equilibrium because of excess or extreme supply, which in turn rises the interest rate. The transparent analysis of the Fisher effects is that if the expected inflation rises by 5% and above, the expected return on interest rate falls as a result of fall in the demand for the bond. Fisher effects occur because when expected inflation increases or rises, the nominal interest rates rise in return (Mishkin and Eakins 140). The rise in expected inflation is a transparent proves that the real cost of borrowing or lending has declined, causing increase in the quantity of bonds supplied. Equilibrium bonds with fall in demand and increase in supply. The decreased riskiness of bonds increases the demand for bonds. The demand curve shifts to the right and the equilibrium bond price rises and the interest rate falls. Higher federal government deficits increase the supply of bonds Expected Profitability of Investment Opportunities; in a business cycle expansion, the supply bond falls when there are fewer expected profitable investment opportunities. Expected Inflation; supply of bond increase when there is an increase in expected inflation. Government Activities; higher federal government deficits increase the supply of bonds, conversely, government surpluses reduces the supply of bonds. Liquidity premium theory elaborates all the facts of the term

Professional Ethics Essay Example for Free

Professional Ethics Essay I believe Gail would not report this event to her superiors or discipline her subordinates. She would not make any amends or take action because of the lack of moral courage or strength she possesses since it takes big courage to raise a voice for the prisoners. She lacks this moral courage because of the integrity, vision and personal independence which make up the courage in an individual. Gail needs to have a good moral courage in order to do the right thing. Even if she realized the dilemma faced by the prisoners who were manhandled, she did not possess the courage to complain about this treatment being given to the prisoners. In other words, she lacked integrity in doing the right thing. Because of this weak personal integrity on her part, Gail didn’t feel courageous enough to report about this event. Since vision comes from having seen the actions of others and their consequences, Gail’s vision contributed to her weak moral character with no courage. She saw that the soldiers who had previously reported for the abuse were disciplined themselves first or were not listened to by the superiors. Moreover, one of them had to leave his home town and live the rest of his life with another identity. This led to form weak moral character in her personality. Because of no personal independence she didn’t feel independent enough to make the report to the seniors. She had been taken from the CPA firm to serve in the USA army which doesn’t seem to be her independent decision. Moreover, the consequences she had witnessed of those who reported before didn’t give her courage to report about the matter.

What Subject Do I Like Best Essay Example for Free

What Subject Do I Like Best Essay In school, of all the classes I have to take, I like P.E. most. Why? There are three simple reasons why I love it: there is no homework, it helps me stay healthy, and last, it is quite relaxing to learn. First, the homework part, for me, it’s a dream comes true when there’s no homework for me to do. I am kind of obsessed with homework. I open my eyes thinking about homework, I eat thinking about homework, I even take a bath thinking about homework. So it’d be nice to have at least one subject that doesn’t require my thinking about homework. And that’s the first reason why I like physical education. Second, about the true value of this subject, it helps us me stay strong. Obviously, P.E. helps us improving our health. Students are very careless about their own good by doing things that harm them in the way that they don’t know, such as: sitting in front of the computers for hours, watching television for much too long, and many more. Those are the habits that are quite hard for children to change. And that’s when P.E. comes into place. It make us do workouts, prevent us from getting out of shape and of course, no one wants to be fat because of one simple reason: you won’t look attractive to other people and maybe that special someone is one of those â€Å"people†. And last but not least, there’s absolutely no pressure learning this subject. You don’t have to pay much attention when studying. There’s almost nothing too complicated about P.E. compare to other classes like Math, Physics, Chemistry†¦ and so that’s the last reason I like this.

Relationship Between Project Management And Leadership Management Essay

Relationship Between Project Management And Leadership Management Essay Executive Summary The following report is critical analysis of Lenovo Groups leadership approach, problems, project planning and decisions made by leadership in the company. Lenovo Groups predecessor was founded in Beijing by few scientists as an enterprise of the Computer Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1981. Dell and HP who were the masters in Personal Computer products were facing difficulties in localizing their business before 2004 in the Chinese market. At that time they were not a serious issue to Lenovo. They did not create any threat to Lenovo. But when Lenovo started its expansion in 2004 its strategy was affected by the strategies followed by HP and Dell. Lenovo than modify its strategies in order to gain competitive advantage, increase its market share and improve its performance. We will see in following report that how Lenovo adopted project management and leadership strategies in order to overcome the challenges faced in establishing its brand in the Personal Computer ma rket. How Lenovo focused on customers, resisting bureaucracy, and cutting across boundaries thinking globally, demonstrating enormous energy and being able to energize and invigorate others. Leadership style at Lenovo is in general of two types people oriented described as democratic. Project managers at Lenovo organization are both leaders and followers. The project managers leadership position at Lenovo encompasses interpersonal role, informational role and a decision maker role. Lenovo sent many managers to observe highly successful organization where the leadership factors of speed, the bias of action and utter customer fixation have helped drive this high discount store to success. In the result of adaptation of leadership strategies they improved the teamwork and finally Project-oriented approach of company improved international integration. 1. INTRODUCTION Background Working Title The importance of team work in project management- A case study of Lenovo Introduction to Project Management Project management is a disciple that intends to co-ordinate, plan, and control and organizes the diverse and complex activities of todays commercial, industrial, management and Information Technology projects. There is one general characteristic shared in common by all the projects the projection of thoughts, concepts and ideas into new endeavors. Project Leadership: Pulling together the science of project management with effective leadership judgment is the essence of project leadership. The dizzying array of suggestions for leadership combined with the time sensitive project completion challenges create a need for a new model. The model developed offers guidance on how and when to apply leadership principles to the various stages of a project. The definition of project leadership is the systematic application of leadership understanding and skills at each stage of a project lifecycle. Statement of the Problem: Giants like Dell and HP who were the masters in Personal Computer products were facing difficulties in localizing their business before 2004 in the Chinese market. At that time they were not a serious issue to Lenovo. They did not create any threat to Lenovo. When Lenovo started its expansion in 2004 its competitive strategy was affected by the strategies followed by HP and Dell. Lenovo had to modify its strategies in order to gain competitive advantage, increase its market share and improve its performance. This essay discusses how Lenovo adopted project management and leadership strategies in order to overcome the challenges faced in establishing its brand in the Personal Computer market. Background of the study: The Personal Computer industry has been developing by bounds and leaps nowadays. In 2007 the sales of Personal Computers around the world were estimated to about 250 billion units. This represents 10% increase over the previous year. Lenovo is one of the leading Personal Computer manufacturers. It has a product line which includes servers, storage devices, projectors, and printer supplies, computing accessories, mobile handsets, printers, digital products and computing services. The primary business of Lenovo is Personal Computer. It was estimated to yield about 98% of the turnover of the company [Larson, 2009]. In May 2005 Lenovo acquired IBMs Personal Computing Division. After that Lenovo has witnessed accelerating growth in business and expansion of market share. Its share penetrated into the overseas markets too. Lenovo transferred its headquarters from China to USA, Raleigh, North Carolina. Today, the Lenovo group has branch offices in sixty six countries around the world. It has business operations in 170 countries and employs over 30,000 people worldwide. Lenovo is organized into 4 geographical units: America, Europe, Middle East and Africa, Greater China and Asia-Pacific. Within each geographical unit there are functional departments that include transportation, marketing and sales, production and supply chain management. Outside of Greater China the sales compromises of 60% of the total turnover of the company in the next quarter of 2008. About Lenovo: Lenovo Groups predecessor was founded in Beijing in 1984 by Liu Chuanzhi and ten other computer scientists as an enterprise of the Computer Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In the first years Lenovo was a small distributor of imported foreign branded computers then the company started producing its self branded desktops in 1990 and since then evolved into chinas leading computer firm. In 1997 the brand became chinas top selling PC desktop brand. By 2006 the brand holds the market leadership and over 25% share in china for more than eight consecutive years plus some brand presence in Asia, competing against brands such as Dell, HP and Toshiba. Over the years Lenovo has also diversified into other PC products such as portables, workstations, and servers as well as into mobile phones and digital entertainment products [Lewis, 2006]. Due to the fact that Lenovo spun off its foreign branded distribution business, which accounted for a third of their revenues, as a new listed company at Hong Kong Stock Exchange in 2001, annual growth rates were moderate with 12% in 1998-2004. Lenovo group itself is already listed at Hong Kong Stock Exchange since 1994 and gained total revenues of United States $ 2.9bn in 2004, over 90% of thereof in china. In 2000 Lenovo Group announced to aim at total revenue of United States 10bn by 2005 and to become one of the Fortune Global 500 companies by 2010 ate latest. Since 2003 they have also wanted to become a global leading brand and to generate 25% of their revenues in overseas markets by 2006. In May 2005 Lenovo already came closer to these goals when they acquired IBMs PC Division for United States $1.7bn, including their global brands ThinkPad and ThinkCentre. The acquisition made the Lenovo Group into the worlds third largest PC vendor, with around United States $13bn in annual revenue, 60% thereof abroad, and products serving enterprises and consumers in more than 160 countries. Lenovos new executive headquarters moved from Beijing to purchase, New York with principal operations in Beijing and Raleigh, North Carolina and an enterprise sales organization worldwide, including sales headquarters in New York, Paris, Beijing and Sydney. The company operates six manufacturing sites in China and India and runs nine RD centres in different countries, employing more than 19000 people. The below figure shows the worldwide revenues of Lenovo: Figure 2: Worldwide revenues of Lenovo Source: Larson, 2009, Project Management, Watermark Learning, Inc., New Jersey According to Meng Yutian (2006) Lenovos Group senior supervisor of brand management in Beijing, the new groups advantages lie in technology innovation and a strong combination of both consumer PC retailing and b2b client handling. She admitted that Dell has a more efficient supply chain which is to be challenged by their ongoing post merger integrations with IBM PCs. Lenovo is also implementing a new global brand strategy to match its new worldwide reach. Lenovos priority is to maintain and extend the brand equities of the brands Lenovo, ThinkPad, ThinkCentre and Lianxiang in all major markets worldwide. Relevant Research Relationship between Leadership and Project Management: A project is a short term endeavor undertaken to create a unique service or product. Every project has elements such as uncertainty and risk associated with it. They might sometime lead to the failure of the project. Increase in project costs, lack of resources, erroneous development are few examples of risk in projects. These unforeseen circumstances and failures are common in all types of projects irrespective of their industry. The main objective of project management is to predict or forecast maximum number of risks and problems that would be encountered while completing the project and plan, control and organize the project related activities such that the project is successfully completed despite all hindrances [Davidson F J, 2003]. The process of project management should begin even before any resource is assigned and should last till the complete set of activities is done. The ultimate aim and objective of a project manager should be focused towards earning the satisfaction of purchaser, project sponsor, principal stakeholders and customers and deliver the project within the promised time limit without incurring more cost and spending excess of resources than that were originally budgeted, planned or allocated. Project management is the application of skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements. This requires project managers to understand the project objectives, limitations, lifecycle and roles of the participants. It also suggests that project managers should possess a variety of essential skills. Every project has an objective that is a reason for performing the project. This objective can implement a new computer system, by constructing a building merging 2 companies or developing a new product. Each objective has 2 considerations: Scope and quality. Every project has one or more limitations on how well and how quickly the objectives can be achieved. These limitations frequently include budget, resources, time and technology. The limitations create risks that the objectives may not be met and these risks need to be identified. Project Lifecycle: All projects have a lifecycle. That is there are certain predictable events that will take place in the life of every project. The wise project leader will understand this lifecycle and plan for it. The alternative is to be surprised when leading a project. Understanding the project lifecycle is part of the science of project leadership in that it can be studied, there is a definite process that can be followed and project leaders can learn what they need to do at each stage. A simple and a generic project lifecycle model is used. The basic stages of this model can be identified and the project leadership tasks must be accomplished during each stage will apply to most projects in most industries. Projects in certain may have additional unique project leadership responsibilities. Even on very small projects however the intent of the responsibilities identifies the needs to be understood and accomplished. By understanding the most typical project leadership responsibilities a skilled project leader can scale up or down the complexity depending upon the person who leads the project [Harold, 2009]. To achieve success in the project the organization need to use a collection of skills that demonstrate their ability to lead a team. The organization is working with others and use others skills to energize and direct a diverse group of people to always give a high performance. These people come from different parts of the organization, each having its own culture through the leadership style of the departmental manager. People have to overcome these cultural variations to create a climate of co-operation and co-ordinate the efforts of the team members without direct line authority. There is a diverse range of options about what makes an effective leader. There are no common characteristics that the organization must have to be effective, without which they are doomed to fail. At the core of leadership is their skill at influencing the behavior of people to achieve their objectives [Martin, 1997]. Autocratic Leadership: One extreme of leadership style is autocrat, where the leader should tell people about what they do to approach. The other extreme is the democrat where information is shared the organization will consult widely and ask people to do the work using a will you approach. The reality is that they adopt a style that is often subconsciously directed by: The situation and the prevailing environment; The type of work, its priority and urgency; The way the team reacts and behaves in the environment. In the crisis most people will tend to adopt a more autocratic style in the interest of getting a quick result. No time exists for consultation, ideas and suggestions are not encouraged and consensus is avoided. The actions required are dictated in command and control mode. Democratic Leadership: The democratic style is regarded as slower encouraging people to give their ideas and opinions always seeking a consensus so the team is fully involved and well motivated to achieve results [Jack M R, 2008]. The leaders of an effective project leader: A list of desirable qualities includes: Flexibility and adaptability; Ability to demonstrate significant initiative; Assertiveness, confidence and verbal fluency; Ambition, drive and commitment; Effective communication and god listening skills; Enthusiasm, imagination and creativity; Being well organized and self disciplined; Being a generalist rather than a specialist having technical awareness; Being able to identify and facilitate problem solving; Being able to make and take decisions promptly; Ability to promote a motivating climate; Ability to keep everyone focused on the project objectives; Having been trained in project management tools and techniques; Being experienced in project management processes and procedures; Being respected by peers and management; Being concerned to achieve success. A program or a project is a specialized situation because of the nature of the work, which is time and cost constrained; the diverse range of skills and experience of people the organization dont know well. To achieve the objectives the organization must see some particular skills to: Ensure that the project tasks are completed on time to the quality desired; Create co-ordination between the team members and develop team work; Support the individual team members and develop their skills for the work; These three key elements of the leadership role are related and interdependent and the organization cannot ignore any one at the expense of the others. They are all directed in one fundamental direction towards the objectives. The actions which the organizations take at each stage of the work are focused on maintaining the balance of these three elements, adopting a range of styles according to the prevailing situation. However in any programme or project there are others involved [Kathy, 2009]. Dimensions of the leadership in project management: The below figure shows the relationship between the key elements of leadership, the objectives and the stakeholders: Figure 3: Relationship between the key elements of leadership, the objectives and the stakeholders Source: Harold, 2009, Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling, 10th edition, New York The organization spends much of their time inner directed, focusing on the three key elements. They must also spend time outer directed to understand the needs and expectations of their stakeholders, use their skills when appropriate and keep them informed of progress. They must engage their stakeholders and ignore them. They can influence their programmes or project at any time with serious consequences to progress. They can change their minds at any time cause delays and demand changes to their plans [Weiss, 1992]. There are three essential dimensions of leadership in project management. They are: Identifying and managing the stakeholders until completion achieved; Managing the project dynamic lifecycle from definition through planning and execution to closure all the tasks of the programme or project; Managing the performance and that of the team and the stakeholders. Success is directly related to balancing the time and effort they give to each of these dimensions from the start up until they hand over the results to their customer. Theories/ Principles of Leadership with reference to Project Management: The five leadership principles for project success are as follows: Build Vision: Sharing a common vision and goals and having the same understanding about tracking the progress toward this vision is one of the key factors is the success of a project and team. Nurture collaboration: A performing team yields synergy effects the impossible becomes possible. This is why active team collaboration is crucial. Promote Performance: Planning is good and important. At the end of the day the leader and their team have to perform. As a leader it is their responsibility to create an environment that promotes performance on both the individual and team levels. Cultivate Learning: As humans everyone makes mistakes. Effective leaders encourage their teams to explore new avenues and to make mistakes and learn from them. An effective leader builds in sufficient time for the team to learn, create and innovate. Ensure results: Delivering results is both a prerequisite and an outcome of effective project leadership. Project delivery is a team effort, not an individual effort. The effective project leader builds and guides the team to deliver results by incorporating the first four leadership principles. All five leadership principles combined encompass the core of effective project leadership [Richard L, 1995]. Project Leadership Pyramid: The below figure shows the Project Leadership Pyramid: Figure 3: Project Leadership Pyramid Source: Martin, 1997, The Project Management for Project Teams, Singapore Together the five leadership principles described here we build the project leadership pyramid. The principles at the top of this pyramid are the first principle build vision is followed by nurture collaboration, promote performance, cultivate learning and at the base of the pyramid ensure the results. The pyramid is a powerful image. This image is used for a simple reason: that is although think building vision is probably the most important principle of effective leadership. Most people see the bottom line as the results. Thus the vision is at the top and the results are at the foundation of the pyramid. They are framed by vision and results. When a pyramid is approached from a far distance first the top should be seen. But in this case vision is the top of the pyramid. As we get closer we see more of the pyramid until we are standing in the first row of the building blocks. We feel overwhelmed by the size of the pyramid. It is not possible to see the top of the pyramid. Lenovos leadership strategies: As an MNC Lenovo is headquartered in Raleigh and has branches in 66 countries and sales operations in more than 50 countries around the world. Lenovo is a global company with major research centers in Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen, China; Yamato, Japan; and Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and primary operational hubs in Beijing, Research Triangle Park, Singapore and Paris. Lenovo operates manufacturing and/or assembly facilities in China, India, the United States and Mexico with a total of approximately 25,000 employees in 2007. To tide over the recent economic crisis Lenovo announced a global restructuring in January 2009, streamlining America which expected to result in a saving of US$ 300 million. In two decades founder Liu Chuanzhi has successfully transformed, Lenovo from a small state owned enterprise into a flagship joint stock conglomerate that is largely owned by overseas investors. Under Liu Lenovo established an option plan and incentive mechanism which enabled a large number of young people embarks on the first line of leadership positions. Meanwhile Liu combined the modern Western management theories with the practice of Chinese enterprises, and put forward management ideas such as a roof model of corporate governance theory. Lius core philosophy is to build a team, set a strategy and organize a team. People believe such as practical and effective approach has contributed to Lenovos success as a large modern company with international competitive edge. Leadership Style at Lenovo: An important part of the leadership is the style of leadership with which the leader carries out the role. In todays environment where it is necessary to have good ideas from every position in the organization, those people whose management styles suppress and intimidate are not needed. Lenovo proclaims high priorities for focusing on customers, resisting bureaucracy, and cutting across boundaries thinking globally, demonstrating enormous energy and being able to energize and invigorate others. Lenovo sent many managers to observe highly successful organization where the leadership factors of speed, the bias of action and utter customer fixation have helped drive this high discount store to success [Davidson, 1996]. Leadership style at Lenovo is in general of two types: people oriented described as democratic, permissive, consensus-seeking, participative, follower-oriented and considerate, and task centered, described as structured, task dominated, restrictive, directive, autocratic and socially distant. Task oriented leadership style usually is associated with productivity but may depress follower satisfaction whereas people centered leadership tends to enhance group cohesiveness but not consistently increase productivity. The following are the leadership styles adopted at Lenovo for project management: Project leadership is an interpersonal and strategic process, which seeks to influence the project stakeholders to work toward closure of the project purposes. Project leadership takes place through interaction not in isolation. Project managers at Lenovo organization are both leaders and followers, operating in a culture where both formal and informal networking relationships proliferate. In such relationships networking goes beyond the project managers formal authority, often leading to the use of influence over peers and superiors to affect the outcome of the project. The project managers leadership position at Lenovo encompasses three fundamental roles: an interpersonal role, which includes figurehead and leader in liaison functions; an informational role, which entails disseminating information and acting as a spokesperson; and a decision maker role, in which the project manager acts as entrepreneur, resource allocator and negotiator. Project leaders are the people who do the right thing; project managers are the people who do the things right. Lenovo recognizes that both the roles are important in management but they differ profoundly [Bagherpour M, 2010]. There are according to Lenovo people in senior positions in organizations doing the wrong thing well. Part of the fault for having people do the wrong thing may well lie with their schools of management, where they teach people to be good management technicians but they fail to train people for leadership. Lenovo goes further to identify the competencies found in people who exhibit effective leadership in their proven track records: Management of attention Management of trust Management of meaning Management of self. Challenges faced by Lenovo Lenovo, which entered the US market, as a fresher, in 2004, did not have any idea about how to compete with the leaders HP and Dell in gaining the market share. Lenovo decided to follow a project- centric approach in order to find a place for itself in the personal computer market. The project-focused approach became the limelight of the companys success story in future. Conclusion Recommendations Solutions to the problem identified: In order to address the challenges, Lenovo proposed different changes in its business strategy and model in 2004, by employing a project-focused approach to develop its corporate strategy. The particular steps taken to implement the project management as a tool to execute the corporate strategy are: After the confirmation of the overall corporate strategy of company, Lenovo sets to organize the priority tasks which require co-operation of multi-department into projects, which is known as strategic projects. Strategic projects vary from the Research and Design projects. In Research and Design projects the cost and time will not be used as yardsticks for success of the project. Such projects will be about expanding them into new markets, solves the underlying problems, enhances the organizational efficiency, integrates the strategic resources or improves the capabilities and satisfaction of an employee. In the past, some strategic planning was not followed up adequately but the strategic project management application solves this problem and the strategic projects started to execute and provides the necessary results. Lenovo selected strategic alliances or joint ventures with global corporations such as Visa, Coca-Cola, Disney, and Pacific Century Cyber Works and so on as its entry model which effectively reduced the risk of international expansion and shortened the time to enter the target market. Second Lenovo sought to optimize the process of supply chain. In order to increase the efficiency of its global supply chain, Lenovo made strong commitment to continuously improve its management process and has so far achieved remarkable progress. By simplifying its global supply chain infrastructure including its logistics network, Lenovo further enhanced its service capacity by 10% with each computers cost of end to end supply chain reduced by 17% as compared with 2008 [Goodman R A, 1967]. Third Lenovo strived to refocus its corporate attention on the key and emerging markets in the world. In 2004 consumer PC accounted for above 42% of the global PC market. The key for Lenovo was to expand its business scale by replicating the successful experience in china to the other areas. In this regard Lenovo won an impressive array of contracts in India and ASEAN countries through effective marketing strategies. Lenovo also outperformed the industry in key emerging markets such as Russia, Mexico, Brazil and Turkey. Meanwhile Lenovo made important progress in adjusting to the changing market conditions and accelerated its expansion in the fast growing industry segments with a belief that such rapid growth is expected to continue in the coming years. Lenovo attempted to expand both relational and transactional business models. In 2006 Lenovos relational business increased in all areas. After making efforts on the adjustment of customer segmentation and customer relational management, Lenovos profitability raised by a large margin. In future Lenovos business focus is expected to remain on providing services to key customers and improving the share in the medium sized enterprises market. In contrast in 2006 Lenovos transactional business accounted for 35% of the sales of global PC market. Looking forward to maintain sustainable growth, Lenovo continued to develop its business partners through marketing activities, accelerate the development of emerging markets and enhance the performance ability in some countries as well as to expand the productivity and the channel coverage of its sales teams [Gray C F, 2005]. Lenovo aimed to establish a global brand. In 2006, Lenovo had done a superb job in marketing and brand building by sponsoring the Olympic Games, ATT Williams Formula one team and the NBA games. To raise the awareness and image of the brand the group launched a publicity campaign for two of its major products which has in turn helped enhance Lenovos brand visualization: ThinkPad ultra slim X300 made the cover of Business Week as soon as it appeared on the market and the Idea Pad U110 won three major awards on international consumer electronics show in Las Vegas, the United States. Through those efforts Lenovo had made a deeper impression in the international arenas and gained rapid recognition consequently the image of Lenovo brand had improved by 13% according to a survey. Project Management and Leadership Solutions: Lenovo established a Project Management Office to coordinate the strategic projects. In 2004 and early 2005, Lenovo put the organizational structure and the processes for its Project Management Office. It formalized the relationships between the Project Management Office and strategic leaders and budget resources for the office. Constantly all other departmental regulations of Lenovo needed to conform to the regulations of Project Management Office, with brief regulations which was outlined by particular departments of business. However, the Project Management Office of Lenovo did not interfere with the projects often; or it offered training and establishes standard procedures. The employees of Lenovo saw the Project Management Office as a resource rather than a facility of administration. Designing a Project Management Office as a facility of administration was one of thing that had condemned such offices in the past, but Lenovos office thrived to win an excellent team award for the company. The company believed that specific conditions should exist to utilize the project management successfully: First, the company has to face a challenge; second, the office had to be prioritized by the leadership of the company; third, the office had to be led by a professional team and they had to guarantee that company-specific systems are developed; and finally, they also required to confirm that the organizational culture of the company could be appreciated. Otherwise it was difficult to evaluate. Lenovo also earmarked money for strategic implementation. Previously, it finished the strategic plans which were not supported financially. But with the shift of strategy, the leadership team had to set aside extra money to evaluate the projects outside the original budget and provided bonus for those who were involved and paved way for the execution of the strategic plans successfully. Identifying Valuing project management professionals- Lenovo sent their top talent in project management to take the certification exam of Project Management Professional and apply for project management standards [Project Management Institute, 2008]. The certification of Project Management Office is managed and developed by the Institute of Project Management, which is the biggest institute for professional project management in the world. The certification of Project Management Profe

An Analysis Of Nature In The W Essay -- essays research papers

An Analysis of Nature in the works of Robert Frost When reading poetry by Robert Frost the theme of nature is strongly present and persistent. Robert Frost uses the world around him to create a mystic feeling to his writings, almost giving the reader a sense of nostalgia. The influence of nature in Frost’s works creates a palette to paint a picture filled with symbolism for the reader to interpret. The nature in the poems makes the poem an intimate piece in which most readers can identify with or imagine in some way because of the intense imagery used. In the analysis of Robert Frost’s The Road Not Taken, Nothing Gold Can Stay, and Stopping By The Woods On A Snowy Evening we can pick out specific examples to illustrate Frost’s overall use of nature. In the first stanza of Robert Frost’s Stopping by the Woods on A Snowy Evening we find the speaker reflecting on the beauty of a wooded area with snow falling. Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow. (p.923) You can feel the speakers awe and reflective peace when looking into the woods that night. He doesn’t know the owner of the land but is still drawn to the beauty of the scene. Frost gives a scene that is taken into the reader and digested for a time in the speaker’s mind. It shows us that it is all right to take a minute out of a hurried hour and reflect upon what is around you, whether it is a snowy wood or a quite ... An Analysis Of Nature In The W Essay -- essays research papers An Analysis of Nature in the works of Robert Frost When reading poetry by Robert Frost the theme of nature is strongly present and persistent. Robert Frost uses the world around him to create a mystic feeling to his writings, almost giving the reader a sense of nostalgia. The influence of nature in Frost’s works creates a palette to paint a picture filled with symbolism for the reader to interpret. The nature in the poems makes the poem an intimate piece in which most readers can identify with or imagine in some way because of the intense imagery used. In the analysis of Robert Frost’s The Road Not Taken, Nothing Gold Can Stay, and Stopping By The Woods On A Snowy Evening we can pick out specific examples to illustrate Frost’s overall use of nature. In the first stanza of Robert Frost’s Stopping by the Woods on A Snowy Evening we find the speaker reflecting on the beauty of a wooded area with snow falling. Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow. (p.923) You can feel the speakers awe and reflective peace when looking into the woods that night. He doesn’t know the owner of the land but is still drawn to the beauty of the scene. Frost gives a scene that is taken into the reader and digested for a time in the speaker’s mind. It shows us that it is all right to take a minute out of a hurried hour and reflect upon what is around you, whether it is a snowy wood or a quite ...

Queen Elizabeth and Annabella in Tis Pity Shes a Whore by John Ford Es

Queen Elizabeth and Annabella in "Tis Pity She's a Whore" by John Ford Annabella, the female protagonist in John Ford’s play, ‘Tis Pity She’s a Whore, ultimately dies after trying to meet the conflicting demands that her brother and father place on her. While her brother, Giovanni, commands her to be his clandestine lover, her father, Florio, expects her to marry a socially appropriate man and bear a child. These demands closely resemble the real-life demands that Queen Elizabeth I’s subjects placed on her because they simultaneously wanted her to fulfill their erotic desires, marry a politically appropriate man, and produce an heir to the throne. Ford’s play â€Å"was first published in 1633,† thirty years after the death of Queen Elizabeth I, but â€Å"nostalgia†¦ in the late 1620’s and 1630’s†¦ [drove] people†¦to measure a worsening political situation against inevitably heightened memories or impressions of what life had been like under the great queen† (Morris vii; B arton 724). While it’s not clear whether this nostalgia for the reign of Elizabeth drove Ford when he wrote his play, there are clear parallels between the demands that were placed on the factual Elizabeth and on the fictional Annabella; moreover, there are striking parallels between the responses to the two women’s deaths. Both women were expected to forever remain objects of male erotic desire, and the characteristics of Elizabeth that evoked erotic desire in her subjects parallel the characteristics of Annabella that elicit erotic desire in Giovanni. Just as â€Å"courtiers paid homage to Elizabeth as an ever-youthful yet unapproachable object of desire[,]† Giovanni confesses to Annabella, â€Å"[T]he view / Of thy immortal beauty hath untuned / All harmony both... ...bbory, Achsah. â€Å"’Oh, Let Mee Not Serve So’: The Politics of Love in Donne's Elegies.† ELH 57.4 (1990): 811-833. King, John N. â€Å"Queen Elizabeth I: Representations of the Virgin Queen.† Renaissance Quarterly 43.1 (1990): 30-74. Morris, Brian. Introduction. ‘Tis Pity She’s a Whore. By John Ford. Ed. Brian Morris. London: Black, 1992. vii-xxvii. Mullaney, Steven. â€Å"Mourning and Misogyny: Hamlet, The Revenger's Tragedy, and the Final Progress of Elizabeth I, 1600-1607.† Shakespeare Quarterly 45.2 (1994): 139-162. â€Å"Promiscuous, a.2a.† Oxford English Dictionary. 1989 Second ed. OED Online. Oxford University Press. 8 May 2005 . Rose, Mary Beth. â€Å"The Gendering of Authority in the Public Speeches of Elizabeth I.† Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 115.5 (2000): 1077-1082.

Age and Youth by William Shakespeare Essay

The poem â€Å"age and youth†, by William Shakespeare (born April 26th 1564 ? died April 23rd 1616) is one of his profound poems which was published in 1588. It is apart of a collection of numerous poems in â€Å"The Passionate Pilgrim†, ? Age and Youth being numeral XII. These various poems centre on the ideas of the early and late stages in life. More notably however his one sided perception on the two topics. â€Å"Youth† is cast as being the more favourable and several lines throughout the poem display this bias. â€Å"Youth is hot and bold, age is weak and cold†. â€Å"Youth like summer brave, age like winter bare† In fact the whole poem centers around the aforementioned topic (youth) being the more beautiful and aesthetically pleasing than barren and cold â€Å"old age†. Shakespeare’s themes in this particular poem are not unlike many of the others in â€Å"The passionate pilgrim†, the set of poems from which â€Å"age and youth† originates, with conventional themes such as love and beauty and the related motifs of time and mutability. Being a â€Å"continuation† of the previous poems in â€Å"The Passionate Pilgrim† it connects with his theme of addressing love and praise not to a woman but instead to a young man full of youth and vitality. â€Å"Venus, with young Adonis sitting by her Under a myrtle shade, began to woo him† The passionate pilgrim XI â€Å"My better angel is a man right fair† The passionate pilgrim II However â€Å"youth and age† is focused primarily on the topics previously stated (youth and age) but with respect to the young man in the previous poems of â€Å"The Passionate Pilgrim†. In effect the young man is immortalised by the poem thereby defying the destructiveness of time. This is one of the reasons behind this poem, to show how time destroys youth and beauty. â€Å"Youth is full of sport, age’s breath is short†. A number of poetic devices such as the juxtaposition of two complete opposites, the repetition of themes, the explicit imagery, metaphoric language and similes, just to name a few, have been used to convey these themes. â€Å"Youth like summer morne, age like winter weather†. A good example of the juxtaposition of age and youth as summer and winter, used intentionally to create an imagery of youth as being fertile, full of life and pleasant (as we would picture summer) and age being cold, dark and associated with death. Shakespeare has used this as though he is describing the lifecycle from birth (summer, youth) to death (winter, old age). In addition similes have been used as another technique showing the similarities between summer and youth and old age and winter. â€Å"Youth is nimble, age is lame†. Once again shows the simplicity of the poem and the theme Shakespeare is conveying to the reader. Metaphoric language is used here to define youth and age, it gives it an almost human quality as though youth and age can be imagined as two different people (i. e. personification). It is a very effective way of providing imagery for the reader. Other lines follow a similar pattern, â€Å"Youth is full of sport, age’s breath is short† again showing the vitality of youth and the frailty and finality of old age. The use of hyperbole as a technique is evident throughout the poem. Most of the lines have some form of hyperbole by using to greatly exaggerated extremes. â€Å"hot and cold†, â€Å"wild and tame,† â€Å"summer and winter,† â€Å"age and youth cannot live together†. All of these quotes exaggerate the characteristics of both age and youth and are important so there are no ambiguities between the two. They are as opposite as â€Å"hot and cold†. The use of masculine rhyme is present in the poem however it is not consistent throughout the whole poem. â€Å"Youth is full of sport, Ages breath is short, Youth is nimble, Age is lame Youth is hot and bold, Age is weake and cold. Youth is wild, and Age I s tame. † The repetition of youth and age gives it flowing rhythm and therefore rhyme is not necessary. Alliteration is used sparingly and not a strong technique in the poem. It is only used as a play on words, to humorously emphasise the initial consonants of the lines being read. â€Å"Age, I do abhor thee; youth, I do adore thee†. It is uplifting and gives the mood a somewhat flavour due to the alliteration being used. In brief the most focal and constant theme in the poem is the unwillingness to become old and the negative aspects of old age. â€Å"Age, I do abhor thee; youth, I do adore thee†. Youth is so vibrant and lively, a stark comparison to old age, an idea which Shakespeare stubbornly holds on to. â€Å"Age, I do defy thee: O, sweet shepherd, hie thee†. The melancholic mood of the poem expresses Shakespeare’s thoughtful sadness on growing old and the inevitability life and death. The poetic techniques effectively contrast how wonderful youth is and how lackluster and bleak we become as we get older. â€Å"Youth† is consistently depicted as being that of a young person with â€Å"age† being that of an old â€Å"lame† nearly dying man,† ages breath is short†.

Health and social care Unit 4 P2 Essay

The development of individuals can be affected by a number of life factors which include genetic, biological, environmental, socio economic and lifestyle factors. All these life factors have a large variety of influences which will affect individuals and how they develop through the life stages. The first life factor is the genetics of an individual, a genetic influence which could affect the development of someone could be the predisposition to a particular disease such as Down syndrome. This particular disease is a chromosomal disorder and a genetic condition that typically causes some level of learning disability and a characteristic difference in physical features. These typical difficulties which are involved with this disorder affect the everyday life of the individual. With this disorder causing some level of learning disability, this will affect the way the child develops as a young person in regards to their education. This particular condition leads to much impairment in both the cognitive ability of the individual and also the physical growth too. Individuals with Down syndrome can have many different abnormalities which can affect their general health and bodily function. People with the condition have increased risk of gaining respiratory and hearing problems and epilepsy. With all these increased risks being involved with this condition, it shows in many ways how the condition can affect how individuals develop throughout their life. Their childhood will be difficult due to the teaching they will have, this will therefore affect their adulthood as they won’t have the same life knowledge as other adults. Their adolescence will be different and more difficult for them as they won’t have the same life as a teenager would in regards to developing the relationship side of life and beginning to explore their body in ways young adults do as changes begin. The long term outlook for an individual with Down syndrome is seen unlikely to be long. This particular condition is seen to slow the individual down and the health problems along with the condition jeopardize their life. This therefore affects the  development through the older adulthood life stage as they may not get to this age to experience this. The next life factor is biological influences that can affect the overall development of an individual as they go through all their life stages. Foetal alcohol syndrome is a biologic condition which can affect the development of a person from the minute they are conceived within the womb. This particular syndrome is a pattern of mental and physical defects that can develop a fetus in association with high levels of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. This particular condition can stunt the fetal growth or their weight which therefore affects the development of a child into adulthood as they have a stunt of growth. The consumption of alcohol whilst pregnant can damage neurons and the brain structures of the fetus. This therefore affects how the infant develops once born and can reduce the time it takes for the child to learn how to walk and talk. Fetal alcohol syndrome can create a collection of primary cognitive and functional disabilities, some of these including poor memory, attention deficits and impulsive behaviour. These disabilities can affect the childhood development as the schooling of the individual can become increasingly difficult and take longer, and as a result of trouble with learning at a young age it can affect the way the development throughout the other life stages occurs. As well as the disabilities that can occur above, there are secondary disabilities which can affect the development of a person. Examples of these are mental health problems and drug and alcohol addiction which can affect the development of adulthood as you don’t get to experience having a family and relationships as drug and alcohol addiction will affect the way you live and also your bodily functions which may decrease the chances of having a family. The appearance of you may also affect your older adulthood as the misuse of alcohol and drugs during your life can make you look older than you and also the long term illnesses may affect your chances of living longer. Access to employment and income is a potential influence of an environmental factor which can affect the development of people. Individuals who do not have enough income to look after themselves let alone their children still  insist on having children. This however is a downfall in today’s society as it leaves an increased possibility for difficulty in family life. No employment leads to no income in a family home, this can affect the way an infant is brought up in regards to being looked after and being fed. It may also lead to infants being put in care as parents can’t look after them properly and ably which already leaves room for the development of the child to be decreased due to them not having the care from their own parents at a young age. No employment or income can also affect childhood as this is the start of education, with no income families can’t afford to send their child to school and pay for their lunches or their essentials they may need for educational purposes. With no income it can also affect the way the child is treated at school, they may become a bullied individual as they may not have what other children may have. Adults who live a life with no employment and income can result in depression; this then leads to poor mental health and low self esteem which is the belief that you are inferior to others. Depression and stress can cause a poor diet and also for individuals not to take care of themselves like they should which will result in a lower expectancy of life for older adulthood. Another life factor is socio economic which could include the education of people. Individuals with few or no qualifications which they should have attained at childhood and adolescence from going to school and higher education are more likely to be unemployed or employed in low paid work. It is said that the education of individuals at childhood depends on the family they grow up in. As families with higher incomes than average usually get better paid jobs than those who live in families with low incomes. It also depends on the encouragement you get as a child and adolescence to whether you do well in education. Peer pressure is also a tough thing to overcome at adolescence which can interfere with the grades you attain within education. Those who don’t get the qualifications they want usually find adulthood to be difficult as they don’t have the income they would like for them to have a nice house and big family. This links in with no income or employment and again results in the likelihood of older adulthood to be lower in life expectancy due to not being able to afford a healthy lifestyle due to the failing of not attaining the qualifications within education. Lastly is the lifestyle of an individual which can affect the development of them throughout their life stages. A particular lifestyle influence could be nutrition and dietary choices individuals all make. Many people may choose to eat a diet that includes unhealthy fatty, salty or sugary foods. Other people may eat unhealthy foods because of convenience and cost. People with low income will find it harder to travel to supermarkets and stock up on cheaper food. Low income may also push people to choose an unhealthy diet because it can be harder and more expensive to choose a healthy one. This however will cause problems for individuals in the long run. If families have a poor income and therefore don’t choose a healthy diet for their families it results in children having poor diets which can affect the growth development of them as individuals. But also affect the brain and how it functions which can affect the child’s education. Other families might choose to give their children what they need in regards to nutrition and dietary choices, but not themselves which can cause people becoming obese and therefore affecting their lifestyle and development. If people become obese they usually become lazy and therefore don’t keep healthy and fit, this can affect the lifestyle of older adulthood as unfit and unhealthy elderly people can result in younger life expectancy as illnesses might take over elderly individuals. Overall it is clearly seen that there are many life factors that can influence the development of individuals and also the life expectancy of these individuals also. This is why it is important to have healthy lifestyles and to do the best you can throughout life to get the best out of it.

Novartis Pharmaceutical Gender Discrimination Class Action Lawsuit

Amy Velez, et al. , v. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp. is one of the largest gender discrimination lawsuits ever to go to trial. The class action lawsuit claimed Novartis Pharmaceuticals (NPC) practiced sex discrimination against female employees under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Wilson 2010). The plaintiffs are nineteen women presently or formerly employed by NPC in sales related positions. They claimed the NPC discriminated against them in various ways, including compensation, promotion and promotional opportunities, personnel evaluations and by adverse treatment of women who take maternity leave.They seek injunctive relief, back pay and front pay, and compensatory and punitive damages (US District Court Document). The class action lawsuit later grew to include 6,200 women employed by NPC. The time period of the discrimination was from 2002-2007 Amy Velez, who had twins in 2001 claimed she was repeatedly passed over for promotions by men who had inferior sales numbers . She also claims to have overheard a manager asking recruiters prospective employees were married or had children. Wilson 2010). Another woman claims she was told by a manager that he prefers not to hire younger women saying â€Å"First comes Love, then comes marriage, then comes flex time and a baby carriage. † (Wilson 2010). In addition, the plaintiffs claim that men in the same positions earned more money than women in the save positions. The final approval of the settlement was November 19, 2010. The settlement, which totaled $175 million, included $152. million in back wages, benefits, and adjusted wages, service payments to named plaintiffs who helped litigate the case, and attorneys' fees and costs, plus $22. 5 million in nonmonetary relief representing Novartis's commitments to revise its employment policies to eliminate sex discrimination (McGowan 2010).In response to the decision, according to NPC’s web page â€Å"As part of its commitment to fostering a di verse and inclusive workforce, NPC is implementing comprehensive programs designed to ensure that all members of its sales force are treated fairly. NPC still denies these claims but admits some of its employees may have not followed company policy. NPC will also substantially revising its human resources policies, revamping its personnel management systems, and strengthening its commitment to ensuring gender equality in the workplace These practices by NPC took place over a five year period between 2002-2007. The severity of the claims shows an escalating conflict. There were repeated offences. First here was awareness of differences; a couple female employees knew they were being passed over for promotions. This continued to annoyance; more female employees learned they were being continually passed over for promotions. Later to frustration; when the female employees learned that certain managers were not hiring younger women or women with children. Next there was anger; when sexi st comments were made by management. This conflict finally escalated to hostility and war (war being the lawsuit).NPC could have avoided this class action lawsuit by making sure all their branches were following proper anti-discrimination procedures. Inappropriate comments by management should have been taken seriously by upper management. All employees should have been required to go to diversity training. Upper management should have looked more closely at the male/female promotion ratio. If only NPC’s upper management would have been more in tune with their subordinates this costly lawsuit might have been avoided.

Diffrent Type of Doctors

Different Types of Doctors and What They Do The world is Mother Nature's marvel that is blessed with different wonders of the natural world like the human body system. But, with every blessing comes a curse and this curse that plagues the living world is diseases. There are different diseases and disorders that are either due to microorganisms, parasites, non-functioning of different organs in the body, biochemical imbalances, genetic or hereditary problems, etc. Many times, people suffer from different kinds of accidents- natural and man-made, gunshots, stabbing wounds, burns, and many other innovative types of grievous injuries.These different medical problems are taken care of by different types of doctors, according to their field of specialization. There are hundreds of examples around the world, where doctors have been able to pull men out of the jaws of death with their medical expertise. If you too want to face different medical challenges, then the following list of differen t types of doctors and their specialty, will help you find a foothold in the medical world. Audiologists: These doctors help patients with different ear problems and help children who are either deaf or mute to learn to communicate.Allergist: These doctors help in treating different kinds of allergies and immune system disorders like hay fever, asthma, etc. Andrologist: The andrologist helps in diagnosing and treating disorders related to the male reproductive system. Anesthesiologist: They study and administer anesthesia and anesthetic medicines that helps in facilitating treatment, diagnosis of medical conditions and complete minor and major surgeries without the patient having to feel more than the prick of the anesthetic needle.Cardiologist: These are doctors of the heart that diagnose and treat heart diseases and cardiovascular diseases. Dentist: Perhaps one of the most feared doctors of all is the dentist due to their tooth extraction habits! These doctors are concerned with d ental health, teeth and dental problems like cavities and bleeding gums. They treat gum diseases, straighten teeth, carry out root canals, etc. . Dermatologist: A dermatologist studies the skin, its structure, functions, and diseases, as well as its appendages (nails, hair, sweat glands) and reats the related ailments. Endocrinologist: A doctor who studies disorders of the endocrine system and their glands, like thyroid problems and other such hormonal imbalances and the specific secretions of hormones is what entails an endocrinologist job description. Epidemiologist: Epidemiologist are the doctors who are also known as ‘disease detectives'. They carry out study of diseases and come up with ways of prevention of diseases through vaccinations, etc.Family Practitioner: These are your friendly neighborhood doctors who are general physicians, and treat patients of all ages ; medical non-emergency conditions usually in a clinic. Gastroenterologist: A doctor that studies diseases o f digestive system and gives treatment related to the gasteroenterlogy. Gynecologists: The doctor who studies and treats diseases of the female reproductive system. Hematologist: A hematologist studies blood and its diseases. Hepatologist: A hepatologist studies and treats diseases of the liver.Immunologist: The doctor who studies all aspects of the immune system in all organisms and gives treatment to diseases of the immune system. Infectious Disease Specialists: The doctors who study ; treat diseases that are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and are usually based within the hospital. These doctors are involved in a lot of research work. Internal Medicine Specialists: These doctors provide diagnosis, management and nonsurgical treatment of unusual or serious diseases and are usually found working in hospitals as intensivists.Internists: These doctors focus on adult medicine and have completed a special study related to the prevention and treatment of adult diseases. M edical Geneticist: A medical geneticist is the doctor that carries out studies, tests, treatments and counseling patients with genetic diseases. Microbiologists: A microbiologist studies causes, diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Neonatologist: The neonatologist is the doctor that provides medical care to premature and critically ill newborn babies. Nephrologist: The doctor who treats kidney diseases and problems.Neurologist: These are doctors who treat one of the most delicate and important organs of the body, the brain. They treat conditions like seizures, strokes, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, etc. Neurosurgeon: These are surgeons who treat central and peripheral nervous system diseases that can be cured or controlled to some extent with mechanical intervention. Obstetrician: This is a part of gynecology and the doctors are experts with childbirth, C-sections, gynecological surgeries like hysterectomy, surgical removal of ovarian tumors, examination of the pelvic region, PAP smears, prenatal care, etc.Oncologist: An oncologist job description entails treating cancer patients. Ophthalmologist: The doctor that takes care of eyes and treats various eye problems and performs different eye surgeries. Orthopedic Surgeons: The doctor who is concerned with the skeletal system of the human body, that is, bones. These doctors make no bones about broken, fractured or arthritis struck bones! ENT specialists: An ENT specialist treats the Ear, the Nose and the Throat, as well as to some extent some ailments of the head and the neck. This field is also known as otolaryngology.Perinatologist: The doctor who is an expert in caring and treating high risk pregnancies. Paleopathologist: These doctors are into the study of ancient diseases. Parasitologist: The study of parasites, their biology and pathology, as well as the parasitic diseases caused by them is carried out by a parasitologist. Pathologists: The study of abnormalities in living organisms, diagnosing disea ses and conditions from tissue samples like blood or biopsy samples. They also work as medical examiners ; carry out autopsies to determine the cause of death.These doctors usually do not come in contact with the patients directly as their work is mostly lab work. They are therefore called a ‘doctor's doctor' as they speak to doctors of the patients rather than the patient himself. There are many doctors who specialize in forensic pathology and help the police and FBI solve crimes. Pediatricians: A pediatrician is the doctor who studies and treats medical problems of infants, children, and adolescents. Physiologists: A physiologist is a life science doctor who specializes in physiology.Physiatrist: The doctor whose specialty is treatment and rehabilitation of patients with illness or injuries affecting their nerves, muscles, and bones. They basically help people overcome their movement limitations due to an underlying illness or injury. Plastic Surgeon: A plastic surgeon is th e doctor who can literally change the life and look of a patient. He performs cosmetic surgery to repair skin and structural problems that may alter the personality of the patient for good. Podiatrists: The doctor who studies and treats disorders of the foot and ankle.Psychiatrists: These doctors specialize in psychiatry, that is, a branch of medicine concerned with the study, diagnoses and treatment of mental illness and behavioral disorders. Pulmonologist: The doctor who diagnoses and treats lung conditions and treatments and even manages critical care patients admitted in the ICU and those that are on ventilator support. Radiologists: The study of medical use of X-rays or other imaging technologies for diagnoses and treatment of disease is carried out by a radiologist.Rheumatologist: These doctors treat allergic conditions & autoimmune disorders. Surgeons: A surgeon performs operations, related to different sub-specialties of medicine like general surgery, neurosurgery, cardiovas cular, cardiothoracic surgery, ENT, maxillo-facial surgery, plastic surgery, oral surgery, transplant surgery, urology, etc. Urologists: The urologist is a doctor who studies the urinary system and treats urinary tract infections. Emergency Doctors: Emergency doctors are those who offer their services in the emergency room (ER) and are on call 24/7.They treat various emergency cases that vary from poisoning, broken bones, burns, heart attack, and anything and everything that can be termed as a medical emergency. Veterinarian: Although, all the above fields are concerned with human treatment, the veterinarian is also a type of doctor and treat animals. They take care of different diseases of the animal world. There are different types of doctors within the field of animal medicine and like human doctors, the veterinarian too has his field of expertise in case of animal problems.This was some medical career information related to different types of doctors and their related line of wo rk. There are over 50 to 60 specialties of medicine and each specialty has different types of related doctors with varying salaries. You need to understand your area of interest and then choose your line of specialty as a career. I hope this article on different types of doctors and what they do has helped you find your field of interest.

Applying For a Home Loan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Applying For a Home Loan - Essay Example The message has an appropriate logical flow of the relevant steps, which minimizes the necessary changes as it begins with the first contact with the customer, application, verification, evaluation, approval, and settlement. The only key change that should occur is the inclusion of graphical representations that will make the message more appealing. The message can have a picture of properties or houses in the background, which would make the message more appealing to the eyes of the reader. Since the message relates to financing, the messenger can add details pertaining to interest rates. As such, the message should have more sections. This extra section should detail the attractive interest rates the company offers to ensure that the client is not reaped. Most financial messages tend to skip this part as it contains imperative details to avoid losing clients once they see the cost of financing the property. Adding this section would make the message more informative to the reader (Anderson, 2010). The current message contains six major sections namely contact, application, verification, evaluation, approval, and settlement. However, the messenger should add one more section. Hence, the new steps in the application for a home loan should be contact, application, verification, interest rates, evaluation, approval, and settlement (National Australian Bank, 2014). The inclusion of the interest rates would enable the customers to undertake a personal evaluation of their suitability for such a financial service given their finances.

Trading Units and The Government at the UK Essay

Trading Units and The Government at the UK - Essay Example The development of UK trade unions after 1970 is marked by the ascendance to power of Margaret Thatcher, in 1979, and the subsequent period of Conservative rule in Britain referred to as Thatcherism. 1979 can be considered the culminating point of trade union influence and power in the UK. According to sources, by that time, more than half of all British employees belonged to unions, with more than 4/5 included in different mechanisms of collective bargaining1. Margaret Thatcher and her three consecutive Conservative governments from 1979 to 1990 introduced a series of measures to liberalize and decentralize the economy, measures that relied on the role of the market in creating business rules. The market required competitiveness, both in terms of efficiency and cost issues, so the role of the trade unions was fought off and marginalized in the 80s. The accession to power of the Labour Party, with Tony Blair as Prime Minister, in 1997, had rekindled some of the trade unions hopefuls, given the history of tight relations between the Party and the trade unions. However, many of the reforms that Margaret Thatcher had adopted during the 80s remained and the results saw the trade union movement in one of the weakest positions in its history: trade union density has halved and collective bargaining mechanisms are at the lowest levels in trade union history2. In many cases, individual industrial relations have developed. Collective disputes can take several forms, differentiation following the severity of the dispute in question. They can take any form, from "silent or indirect protest (absenteeism, lack of motivation, rejects) to open strikes"3. Obviously, the most radical of these measures refer to the collective stoppage of work in an organization. Nevertheless, this is always a head-on game and will turn out on the side of whoever of the two parties involved will be able to hold its position. The management will look out to force union members back to work with punitive measures, such as salary deductions for each period of time that is not spent on the job. On the other hand, it is to be discussed how long the management can support an organization that is not properly functioning due to the strike. It is probably best that this type of recommendation from the UK union will come only after negotiations have not proven useful and after other forms of tacit disputes have been tried beforehand. Following the definition of International Labour Organization Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining Convention in 1949, collective bargaining is a "voluntary negotiation between employers or employers' organizations and workers' organizations, with a view to the regulation of terms and conditions of employment by collective agreements"4. In terms of scope, we can refer to several important advantages that the collective bargaining mechanism brings about. First of all, it aims to level a differing position of two parties (management vs. work organization) through "dialogue and consensus"5 rather than a conflicting situation.